One supplement that's making waves in the pet health world is fish/salmon oil. Packed with Omega-3 fatty acids, salmon oil can supercharge your dog's health in ways you might not have imagined. So, let's dive into the fishy goodness and explore why salmon oil is a must-have for your dog’s diet! Understanding Omega Fatty Acids What is Fish Oil? Fish oil, particularly from cold-water fish like salmon, is rich in omega-3 fatty acids. These little wonders, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are anti-inflammatory superheroes. They may help with a host of inflammatory diseases, including: Skin allergies (atopy) and dermatitis Arthritis Kidney disease Heart disease Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Diabetes Epilepsy Some types of cancer The Powerhouse Trio in Salmon Oil: Omega-3, 6, and 9 Salmon oil is a treasure trove of omega-3 fatty acids, but it also contains omega-6 and omega-9 fatty acids, offering a balanced blend of these essential nutrients. Omega-3 Fatty Acids Salmon oil shines with its high levels of EPA and DHA. These omega-3s are renowned for their anti-inflammatory properties and brain-boosting benefits. They support heart health, enhance cognitive function, and lower the risk of chronic diseases. Omega-6 Fatty Acids Though salmon oil has omega-6 fatty acids, the levels are lower compared to omega-3s. This balance is beneficial for controlling inflammation and supporting overall health. Omega-9 Fatty Acids Omega-9 fatty acids in salmon oil, though in smaller quantities, contribute to improved heart health and general well-being. Together, they make salmon oil a comprehensive health booster. Why Salmon Oil is a Game-Changer for Canine Health Dogs can't produce essential fatty acids on their own, so they need to get them through their diet. The amount of cellular membranes in the body is incredible, and your dog's need for essential fatty acids is profound. Without these fatty acids, cells would simply fall apart. Cellular membranes are lipid envelopes that encase and protect the internal workings of the cells. The membrane is essential for the production of energy in the mitochondria because, without the double membrane structure, there is no storage space for the separation of electrical charge—no way of conducting chemical reactions to create energy. If the food you're feeding your dog has been heat-processed, the essential fatty acids may have been compromised. This is where salmon oil supplements come in, providing the necessary DHA and EPA. These fatty acids are the preferred form for dogs and are often derived from marine sources like salmon, krill, squid, and mussels. Benefits of Salmon Oil for Dogs Glowing Skin and Shiny Coat Salmon oil is incredibly nourishing for your dog’s skin and coat. Omega-3 fatty acids reduce itching and flakiness, promote a shiny coat, and can alleviate symptoms of allergies and dermatitis. Heart Health Hero Omega-3s in salmon oil are heart protectors. They reduce triglycerides, lower blood pressure, and prevent irregular heart rhythms. Fish oil also acts as an anticoagulant, preventing blood clots in dogs with heart disease. Inflammation Buster Inflammation is a double-edged sword. It’s vital for healing but can cause problems if it’s chronic. The real magic in salmon oil comes from resolvins, which block and resolve inflammation. This makes it perfect for managing allergies and reducing itchiness by decreasing inflammatory cytokines. Joint Health Booster Omega-3s are joint lubricators. They reduce inflammation in joints, helping dogs with arthritis move more comfortably. Studies show that arthritic dogs given fish oil are more agile and comfortable. Kidney Protector For dogs with kidney disease salmon oil may lower blood pressure, reduce unwanted protein loss in urine, and decrease pro-inflammatory substances that can worsen kidney issues. Brain Booster Salmon oil is brain food for your dog. DHA, a major component of brain tissue, is essential for brain function. For puppies, it enhances cognitive development, making them smarter. For senior dogs, it supports cognitive function and can slow cognitive decline. A study in 2012 showed that puppies supplemented with DHA learned and retained skills better. Senior dogs with cognitive dysfunction recognized family members and other dogs better with fish oil supplementation. Immune System Enhancer Salmon oil gives your dog’s immune system a powerful boost. The anti-inflammatory properties of omega-3s help modulate the immune response, ensuring it’s effective without going overboard. Potential Risks of Giving Your Dog Salmon Oil While salmon oil offers numerous benefits, it’s important to be aware of potential risks. These include digestive issues, weight gain, blood clotting problems, vitamin A toxicity, allergic reactions, and interactions with other supplements and medications. Always consult your veterinarian before starting any new supplementation to ensure it’s safe and appropriate for your dog's specific health needs. Fish Oil Dosage and Administration for Dogs If you’re using a canine-specific omega-3 supplement, follow the dosage instructions on the packaging. Your dog’s fish oil dosage depends on the supplement and your pet's specific needs. Always talk to your veterinarian before giving your dog any supplements. Fish oil can be easily mixed with wet food, given in liquid or capsule form, and can be administered with or without food. If your dog experiences stomach upset, consult your vet for advice on adjusting the dosage or finding an alternative. Salmon Oil vs. Plant-Based Oils Like Olive, Coconut, and Flaxseed As a plant-based alternative to fish oils, we humans often turn to natural oils such as olive, coconut, and flaxseed. For dogs, however, this doesn’t quite work the same way. While fish oils contain the long-chain fatty acids DHA and EPA found in Omega-3, plant-based oils have more of the short-chain acid ALA (alpha-linolenic acid). Though ALA is still beneficial to dogs and puppies, the conversion process from ALA to the more potent DHA and EPA is inefficient in dogs. This means they would have to consume a significantly larger amount of plant-based oil to receive the same benefits provided by smaller amounts of salmon oil. Therefore, while plant-based oils can contribute to a healthy diet, salmon oil is much more effective in delivering the crucial Omega-3 fatty acids needed for optimal health. Conclusion: Why is Salmon Oil Good For Dogs?:Beyond Epilepsy Incorporating salmon oil rich in DHA and EPA into your dog’s diet can provide substantial health benefits, especially for dogs with conditions like epilepsy. By choosing high-quality, natural forms of fish oil, you can support your dog's skin, coat, heart health, inflammation control, joint health, brain health, and immune function. Always consult with your vet before starting any new supplementation to ensure it’s the best choice. References Bauer JE. Responses of dogs to dietary omega-3 fatty acids. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007;231:1657-1661. Bauer JE. Therapeutic use of fish oils in companion animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011;239:1441-1451. Bauer, J. E. The essential nature of dietary omega-3 fatty acids in dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 249, 1267–1272 (2016). Freeman, L. M. Beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular disease. J. Small Anim. Pract. 51, 462–470 (2010). Freeman, L. M. et al. Nutritional alterations and the effect of fish oil supplementation in dogs with heart failure. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 12, 440–448 (1998). Fritsch DA, Allen TA, Dodd CE, et al. A multicenter study of the effect of dietary supplementation with fish oil omega-3 fatty acids on carprofen dosage in dogs with osteoarthritis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010;236:535-539. Hansen, R. A. et al. Fish oil decreases matrix metalloproteinases in knee synovia of dogs with inflammatory joint disease. J. Nutr. Biochem. 19, 101–108 (2008). Kwochka, K. W. Fatty acids in veterinary dermatology and beyond: mechanism of action, clinical indications and quality. in SPONSORS OF THE 8TH WORLD CONGRESS OF VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY 216 ( pdfs.semanticscholar.org , 2016). Lenox CE. An overview of fatty acids in companion animal medicine. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015;246:1198-1202. Lenox CE, Bauer JE. Potential adverse effects of omega-3 fatty acids in dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med 2013;27:217-226. Lenox, C. E. Role of dietary fatty acids in dogs & cats. TVP Journal 83–90 (2016). Linda P. Case, Leighann Daristotle, Michael G. Hayek, Melody Foess Raasch. Nutrition and the Heart. in Canine and Feline Nutrition - A Resource for Companion Animal Professionals 3, 511–519 (Mosby Elsevier, 2011). Mazaki-Tovi M, Abood SK, Schenck PA. Effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and body condition on serum concentrations of adipokines in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2012;73:1273-1281. Moreau M, Troncy E, del Castillo JRE, et al. Effects of feeding a high omega-3 fatty acids diet in dogs with naturally occurring osteoarthritis. J An Physiol An Nutrition 2013;97:830-837. Mueller, R. S. et al. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on canine atopic dermatitis. J. Small Anim. Pract. 45, 293–297 (2004). Neumayer, H.-H. et al. Amelioration of lschemic Acute Renal Failure By Dietary Fish Oil Administration in Conscious Dogs. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 3, 1312–1320 (1992). Ogilvie, G. K. et al. Effect of fish oil, arginine, and doxorubicin chemotherapy on remission and survival time for dogs with lymphoma: a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled study. Cancer: Interdisciplinary International Journal of the American Cancer Society 88, 1916–1928 (2000). Roush JK, Cross AR, Renberg WC, et al. Evaluation of the effects of dietary supplementation with fish oil omega-3 fatty acids on weight bearing in dogs with osteoarthritis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010;236:67-73. Roush JK, Dodd CE, Fritsch DA, et al. Multicenter veterinary practice assessment of the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on osteoarthritis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010;236:59-66.

If you're a pet parent to a dog with epilepsy, you might be on the lookout for ways to support their health and potentially reduce the frequency of seizures. One promising option is supplementing their diet with Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA and EPA. Let's dive into why these fatty acids are beneficial and explore sources of Omega-3 for dogs with epilepsy. Understanding Omega-3 Fatty Acids What Are Omega-3s? Omega-3 fatty acids are essential polyunsaturated fats that play a crucial role in the health of both humans and dogs. There are three main types of Omega-3s: ALA (alpha-linolenic acid), EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid). For dogs, EPA and DHA are the most beneficial, providing powerful anti-inflammatory effects and supporting brain health. Why Are DHA and EPA Important? DHA and EPA are long-chain fatty acids found primarily in marine oils. They are essential for maintaining the structure and function of cell membranes, especially in the brain. These fatty acids help reduce inflammation, which is particularly important for dogs with epilepsy, as inflammation can exacerbate seizure activity. Additionally, DHA supports cognitive function, making it crucial for both puppies and senior dogs. Want to learn more? Read our full post on the Benefits of Omega-3 for Dogs with Epilepsy. Best Sources of Omega-3 for Dogs with Epilepsy 1. Fish Oil Fish oil is a popular and potent source of EPA and DHA. Derived from cold-water fish like salmon, sardines, and mackerel, fish oil is highly effective in delivering the Omega-3s your dog needs. It's particularly beneficial for reducing inflammation, supporting brain health, and improving overall wellness. 2. Krill Oil Krill oil is another excellent source of EPA and DHA. Krill oil also contains astaxanthin, a powerful antioxidant that helps protect the oil from oxidation and enhances its anti-inflammatory properties. 3. Algal Oil For dogs with allergies to fish-based products, algal oil is a fantastic vegetarian alternative. Algal oil is derived from algae, the same source that fish get their Omega-3s from. It provides a high concentration of DHA and is a sustainable option. 4. Sprats Sprats are small, oily fish that are a rich source of EPA and DHA. They can be fed whole and are a great natural treat for dogs. Besides being high in Omega-3s, sprats are also packed with essential vitamins and minerals. 5. 100% Protein Fish Treats 100% protein fish treats are another excellent way to provide your dog with Omega-3s. These treats are made from pure fish, ensuring a high-quality source of DHA and EPA without any fillers or additives. They’re not only healthy but also delicious for your dog. 6. Prescription Pet Foods There are several prescription pet foods on the market specifically formulated to contain high levels of Omega-3 fatty acids. These foods can provide a convenient way to ensure your dog gets the necessary DHA and EPA without the need for additional supplements. A WORD OF CAUTION ON PRESCRIPTION PET FOOD: When it comes to Omega-3 supplements for your dog, how the oil is processed is crucial. Heat processing can damage the delicate Omega-3 fatty acids, reducing their effectiveness so any food cooked at high temperatures will not deliver the omega-3 levels you need. High temperatures can cause the oils to oxidize, leading to rancidity and loss of nutritional value. This is why cold-pressed oils or oils extracted through molecular distillation are the best choice for maintaining the integrity of DHA and EPA. These oils are extracted at lower temperatures, preserving the beneficial properties of Omega-3 fatty acids. Dogileptic Approved Fish Oil At Dogileptic, we are incredibly selective about the brands we partner with and recommend. Our commitment to canine health means we only endorse the best products available —those we would be proud to give our own dogs. We take a rigorous, no-compromise approach, ensuring that every product meets the highest standards of quality, safety, and efficacy. U.S.A 🇺🇸 - Fera Fish Oil Link: Fera Pets  (15% Discount Applied at Checkout) U.K. 🇬🇧 - Green & Wilds Super Salmon Oil Link: Green & Wilds Choosing the Best Omega-3 Supplement When choosing Omega-3 supplements for your dog, quality is paramount. Here’s what you need to know: Oxidation Risk : Fish oils are highly prone to oxidation, which can make them rancid and less effective. To protect the oil, it should be kept away from light and have adequate levels of Vitamin E or other antioxidants. Conversion Efficiency : While flaxseed and other plant-based Omega-3 sources contain ALA, dogs are not efficient at converting ALA into the active forms EPA and DHA. Therefore, fish, krill, or algal oils are preferred. Dosing Variability : There is considerable variability in the amount of EPA and DHA per capsule or ml of liquid in both human and pet products. Accurate dosing is critical to achieve the desired effects. Time to Effect : It will take about two months for Omega-3s to incorporate into the lipid bilayer of cells, so clinical results should not be expected before this time. Conclusion: Sources of Omega-3 (DHA & EPA) for Dogs with Epilepsy Incorporating Omega-3s, specifically DHA and EPA, into your dog’s diet can provide significant health benefits, especially for dogs with epilepsy. By choosing high-quality sources like fish oil, krill oil, algal oil, sprats, and 100% protein fish treats, and ensuring proper dosing, you can support your dog's brain health, reduce inflammation, and potentially help manage seizures.

Managing epilepsy in dogs is a challenging and often emotional journey. Traditional treatments sometimes fall short, leaving pet owners searching for alternative therapies and asking what the best diet is for dogs with epilepsy. Recent research highlights the ketogenic diet's potential not only to manage seizures but also to positively alter the gut microbiome, which plays a crucial role in this process. What is the Keto Diet? The ketogenic diet, often referred to as the keto diet, is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate dietary plan that forces the body to burn fats rather than carbohydrates for energy. By drastically reducing carbohydrate intake and increasing fat consumption, the body enters a state of ketosis, where it produces ketones from fat in the liver to be used as energy. This diet is well-known for its benefits in managing neurological disorders, including epilepsy, due to its ability to provide a stable and efficient energy source for the brain while also reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. Read more about the keto diet here. The Connection Between Canine Epilepsy and the Gut Microbiome Epilepsy in dogs, characterized by recurrent seizures, can be caused by various factors, including genetic predispositions and metabolic disorders. Conventional treatments often involve anti-seizure medications, but these are not always effective for all dogs. This is where dietary interventions, particularly ketogenic diets, come into play. The gut microbiome, a complex ecosystem of trillions of microorganisms residing in the digestive tract, is integral to overall health, including brain function. Recent studies have shown that the ketogenic diet can significantly alter the composition and functionality of the gut microbiome, offering a new avenue for managing epilepsy. How the Keto Diet Modifies the Gut Microbiome Increasing Beneficial Bacteria : The ketogenic diet increases the abundance of certain beneficial bacteria. Studies on mice have shown that Parabacteroides  and Akkermansia muciniphila  play crucial roles in the diet’s antiseizure effects. These bacteria help modulate the gut-brain axis, enhancing neurological stability and reducing seizure susceptibility (Olson et al., 2018). Additionally, the ketogenic diet supports the growth of other beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacteria  and Lactobacilli , which thrive in the altered gut environment created by the diet’s high-fat, low-carbohydrate content. These bacteria contribute to a healthier gut microbiome, further supporting brain health and reducing the frequency of seizures. Reducing Harmful Bacteria : Epileptic dogs often have an imbalance in their gut microbiome, characterized by a decrease in beneficial bacteria and an increase in harmful ones. García-Belenguer et al. (2021) identified that dogs with epilepsy had lower levels of GABA-producing bacteria like Pseudomonas , which are vital for inhibiting neurological excitability and preventing seizures. The ketogenic diet can reduce the prevalence of harmful bacteria by lowering gut pH and altering bile acid metabolism, creating an inhospitable environment for pathogenic bacteria while promoting beneficial ones. Enhancing Short-Chain Fatty Acid (SCFA) Production : SCFAs like butyrate, produced by gut bacteria, have anti-inflammatory properties and support brain health. Watanangura et al. (2022) found that dogs responding well to anti-seizure medications had higher concentrations of SCFAs, suggesting these metabolites play a role in seizure control. The ketogenic diet has been shown to boost the production of these beneficial SCFAs by providing more fat as a substrate for fermentation by specific gut microbes, which in turn supports a healthy gut lining and reduces systemic inflammation. The Gut-Driven Mechanism Behind the Keto Diet’s Antiseizure Effects The ketogenic diet provides an alternative energy source for the brain, which is particularly beneficial for dogs with epilepsy. Traditional brain energy metabolism may be impaired in epileptic dogs, leading to hyperexcitability and seizures. The high-fat, low-carbohydrate nature of the keto diet shifts the body’s energy source from glucose to ketones, which are more efficiently utilised by the brain. Moreover, ketones have antioxidative properties, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain, further stabilising neuronal function (Han et al., 2021). Real-World Implications and Future Directions For dog owners, integrating a ketogenic diet can be a practical step toward better managing epilepsy. This diet not only helps in controlling seizures but also improves overall gut health, which in turn enhances neurological function. It is important, however, to implement such dietary changes under veterinary supervision to ensure a balanced and safe approach. Recent studies have also shown that the ketogenic diet can reduce anxiety and improve behaviour in epileptic dogs, likely due to its effects on the gut-brain axis and neurotransmitter levels (Packer et al., 2016). Conclusion: How the Keto Diet Benefits the Microbiome in Dogs with Epilepsy: The Best Diet for Dogs With Epilepsy The ketogenic diet offers a promising adjunct therapy for managing epilepsy in dogs by positively altering the gut microbiome. By increasing beneficial bacteria, reducing harmful ones, and enhancing SCFA production, this diet helps stabilise the gut-brain axis, ultimately reducing seizure frequency and severity. For dog owners and veterinarians, understanding and utilising these dietary changes can significantly improve the quality of life for dogs with epilepsy.

Have you ever wondered if there’s more to your dog’s bad tummy days than just a grumpy mood? For years, dog owners and vets have speculated about a mysterious link between gut health and brain health. Could a dog's gut be influencing its behavior, anxiety, or even aggression? And what about epilepsy? Let's dive into this fascinating topic and uncover the secrets of the gut-brain axis in dogs! The Gut-Brain Connection The gut-brain axis is like a superhighway of communication between your dog's gut and its brain. Some experts even call the gut the "second brain" because it produces many of the same chemicals that the brain uses, called neurotransmitters. These chemicals play a huge role in controlling mood, anxiety, and other behaviours. Messages zip back and forth between the gut and brain through hormones and nerves, creating a strong and dynamic link between the two. How Does This Superhighway Work? The gut-brain axis sends signals through three main pathways: Neural Pathway:  The vagus nerve runs from the brain to the gut, sending signals both ways. Hormonal Pathway:  The gut releases hormones and neurotransmitters into the bloodstream, traveling to the brain to influence its functions. Immune Pathway:  The gut microbiome influences the immune system, which can affect brain function. Inflammation in the gut can lead to inflammation in the brain. The Gut Microbiome’s Role in Neurological Health and Epilepsy The gut microbiome is a bustling community of microorganisms living in your dog's digestive system. These microbes not only help with digestion but also have a big impact on the brain and central nervous system (CNS). Here’s how they work their magic: Immune System and Inflammation:  An imbalanced gut microbiome can overstimulate the immune system, causing inflammation. This inflammation can spread to the brain, affecting its function and potentially triggering seizures. Neurotransmitter Production:  Gut microbes produce crucial neurotransmitters like serotonin (the "happy hormone"), dopamine (the "reward" neurotransmitter), and GABA (which regulates anxiety, sleep, and stress). Direct Communication:  Gut bacteria can send signals directly to the brain via the vagus nerve, influencing brain activity, mood, cognition, and behavior. The Behavioral Puzzle of Canine Epilepsy Epilepsy in dogs is more than just seizures. It often comes with behavioral challenges like anxiety, aggression, and heightened fear responses, making it tough to manage and affecting the dog’s quality of life. This is where research on the microbiome comes in! How the Microbiome Impacts Behavior The gut microbiome’s influence on behaviour is significant. An imbalance, known as dysbiosis, can disrupt the delicate balance of the gut-brain axis. This imbalance can affect the production of neurotransmitters like serotonin and GABA, leading to increased anxiety, depression, and even aggression. Probiotics and Canine Epilepsy: A Game Changer Probiotics, those friendly live microorganisms, can provide amazing health benefits for dogs with epilepsy: Neurotransmitter Boost:  They help in the production of serotonin and GABA, regulating seizure thresholds. A NOTE ON GABA: GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, playing a critical role in managing canine epilepsy. It helps maintain the balance between excitatory and inhibitory signals, reducing neuronal excitability and preventing the excessive neural firing that leads to seizures. Many antiepileptic medications enhance GABA's effects, increasing its levels or activity to stabilize brain function. Additionally, the gut microbiome influences GABA production, and promoting a healthy gut can support better seizure control. Overall, GABA is essential in regulating seizure activity and maintaining neural stability in dogs with epilepsy. Behavioral Improvements:  By restoring a healthy balance to the gut microbiome, probiotics can help with mood and behavior. Medication Efficacy:  Probiotics can enhance the absorption and efficacy of antiepileptic medications, improving seizure control. Dietary Interventions for Epileptic Dogs Certain diets, like medium-chain triglyceride (MCT)-enriched diets and ketogenic diets, show promise in reducing seizure frequency and improving control. These diets provide alternative energy sources for the brain and have antioxidative properties, positively influencing the gut microbiome and supporting epilepsy management. Conclusion: The Gut-Brain Axis and Epilepsy: Unleashing the Power of the Microbiome in Dogs The gut-brain axis represents a promising area of research for epilepsy in dogs. Probiotics and dietary interventions offer new, exciting ways to manage seizures and improve overall health. Understanding the intricate relationship between the gut microbiome and epilepsy can lead to personalized treatments that enhance the quality of life for dogs with epilepsy.

Allergies and intolerances can both cause discomfort for dogs, but they are distinct conditions with different underlying mechanisms and symptoms. In this blog post, we'll explore the differences between allergies and intolerances, how to identify them, and what you can do to help your dog feel better. Allergies Definition:  An allergy is an immune system reaction to a substance (allergen) that is typically harmless to most animals. Common allergens include certain foods, pollen, flea bites, and environmental substances like dust mites. Mechanism:  When a dog is allergic to something, its immune system mistakenly identifies the allergen as a threat and mounts an exaggerated response. This can lead to inflammation and a variety of symptoms. Symptoms:  Allergic reactions can manifest as: Skin issues:  Itching, redness, hives, swelling, hot spots, and chronic ear infections. Respiratory issues:  Sneezing, coughing, and wheezing (though less common in dogs than in humans). Digestive problems:  Vomiting, diarrhea, and flatulence. Behavioral changes:  Increased scratching, licking, or chewing at specific areas. Intolerances Definition:  An intolerance is a non-immune response to a food or substance that causes digestive upset. It occurs when a dog’s digestive system cannot properly process certain ingredients. Mechanism:  Intolerances often involve enzymatic deficiencies, such as lactose intolerance, where the dog lacks the enzyme lactase needed to digest lactose in milk. Symptoms:  Intolerance primarily affects the digestive system and includes: Digestive issues:  Diarrhea, vomiting, bloating, gas, and stomach pain. Less common symptoms:  In severe cases, it may lead to weight loss or a poor coat condition due to malnutrition from chronic digestive issues. Spotting the Difference Between An Allergy & An Intolerance Key Factors to Consider: Onset of Symptoms: Allergies:  Symptoms may appear within minutes to hours after exposure to the allergen. Intolerances:  Symptoms generally take longer to appear, often several hours to a day after consuming the problematic food. Types of Symptoms: Allergies:  Often include skin and respiratory issues in addition to digestive problems. Intolerances:  Primarily cause digestive upset without skin or respiratory symptoms. Reaction to Small Quantities: Allergies:  Even a tiny amount of the allergen can trigger a reaction. Intolerances:  The severity of symptoms usually depends on the quantity consumed. Small amounts may cause mild or no symptoms, while larger amounts trigger a more pronounced reaction. Identifying Food Intolerances One bout of gastric upset is not enough to determine that your dog has a food intolerance. It’s essential to look for patterns and repeated reactions to specific foods. Symptoms of food intolerance often include digestive issues such as diarrhea, vomiting, bloating, gas, and stomach pain. However, these symptoms can also be caused by other factors, so it’s crucial to monitor your dog’s reactions over time. The Challenge of Changing Diets If your dog is transitioning from a nutrient-poor dry kibble to a diet with real protein and whole foods, it will take time for their gut to adjust to the healthier diet. The gut flora, which consists of the beneficial bacteria in your dog’s digestive system, needs time to adapt to new foods. During this transition period, your dog might experience temporary digestive upset, including gas, bloating, or loose stools. This doesn’t necessarily indicate a food intolerance but rather an adjustment phase as their digestive system gets used to processing more natural, nutrient-dense foods. Can You Overcome Food Intolerances in Dogs? Food intolerances can be a frustrating issue for dog owners, but there are strategies to manage and sometimes even overcome these challenges. While true food intolerances involve a dog's inability to digest certain ingredients properly, making it a lifelong condition, there are ways to mitigate mild-moderate intolerances and their impact. Managing Food Intolerances Identify the Problematic Food: Elimination Diet:  The best way to identify intolerances is through an elimination diet. Start with a novel protein and carbohydrate that your dog has never eaten before. Gradually reintroduce suspected foods one at a time to see which ones cause symptoms. Veterinary Consultation:  Work with your vet to ensure the elimination diet is balanced and to rule out other potential health issues. Avoidance: Dietary Changes:  Once you've identified the problematic food, avoid it entirely. Read ingredient labels carefully to ensure the food isn't included. Gradual Reintroduction: Desensitization:  In some cases, small, controlled amounts of the problematic food can be reintroduced gradually over time to see if the dog's tolerance improves. This should only be done under veterinary supervision. Supplementation: Digestive Enzymes:  Adding digestive enzyme supplements to your dog's diet can help break down certain foods, reducing symptoms of intolerance. Probiotics and Prebiotics:  These supplements can support a healthy gut microbiome, which may improve overall digestive health and potentially reduce the severity of food intolerances. Balanced Nutrition: Alternative Foods:  Ensure your dog receives balanced nutrition by providing alternative sources of the nutrients found in the foods they can't tolerate. This may involve working with a vet or pet nutritionist to formulate a suitable diet. Overcoming Specific Intolerances Lactose Intolerance: Lactase Supplements:  Lactase enzyme supplements can help dogs digest lactose, allowing them to consume dairy without symptoms. Use these under the guidance of a vet or avoid diary completely. Grain Intolerance: Grain-Free Diets:  Switch to grain-free diets that use alternative carbohydrate sources like sweet potatoes. Protein Intolerance: Novel Proteins:  Use novel proteins that your dog has not been exposed to before, such as kangaroo, duck, or venison. Long-Term Management While some food intolerances can be managed to the point where symptoms are minimal or non-existent, it’s important to note that true intolerances may not be completely "overcome." Ongoing management typically involves: Regular Monitoring:  Keep an eye on your dog’s symptoms and overall health. Adjust their diet as needed and consult with your vet regularly. Avoidance of Triggers:  Continue to avoid known triggers and be cautious with new foods or treats. Veterinary Support:  Maintain regular check-ups with your vet to ensure your dog’s nutritional needs are being met and to address any emerging issues promptly. With careful management and support, dogs with food intolerances can lead happy, healthy lives. Always work closely with your veterinarian to develop the best plan for your dog's specific needs. Managing Allergies in Dogs Managing allergies in dogs involves identifying the allergens, minimizing exposure, and providing appropriate treatment to alleviate symptoms. Here's a detailed guide on how to manage allergies in your furry friend: Identifying the Allergens Veterinary Consultation:  Start with a visit to the vet. They can perform tests such as blood tests, skin tests, or elimination diets to identify specific allergens. Observation:  Keep a diary of your dog's symptoms and potential triggers. Note when and where symptoms occur, and any changes in diet, environment, or routine. Minimizing Exposure to Allergens Environmental Allergies: Regular Cleaning:  Keep your home clean and dust-free. Vacuum regularly and wash your dog’s bedding frequently. Air Purifiers:  Use air purifiers to reduce airborne allergens like pollen, dust mites, and mold spores. Grooming:  Bathe your dog regularly with hypoallergenic shampoos to remove allergens from their coat. Wipe their paws and fur after they come in from outside to remove pollen and other potential irritants. Food Allergies: Elimination Diet:  Feed your dog a novel protein and carbohydrate source they haven’t had before for at least 8-12 weeks. Gradually reintroduce other foods to see if symptoms return. Hypoallergenic Diets:  Use specially formulated hypoallergenic diets that are free from common allergens like beef, chicken, dairy, and grains. Flea Allergies: Flea Control:  Use veterinarian-recommended flea prevention treatments. Regularly check your dog for fleas and treat any infestations promptly. Environment Treatment:  Treat your home and yard for fleas to prevent re-infestation. Treating Allergy Symptoms Medications: Antihistamines:  These can help reduce itching and other allergic reactions. Always use under veterinary guidance. Topical Treatments: Natural Shampoos:  Use anti-inflammatory or anti-itch shampoos to soothe irritated skin comprised of soothing all-natural ingredients that wont irritate the skin. Dietary Supplements: Omega-3 Fatty Acids:  These can help reduce inflammation and improve skin health. Fish oil supplements are a common source. Probiotics:  These can help support a healthy immune system and improve overall gut health, which may reduce allergic reactions. Monitoring and Adjusting Treatment Regular Vet Visits:  Keep up with regular veterinary check-ups to monitor your dog's condition and adjust treatment as needed. Observe and Record:  Continue to observe your dog’s symptoms and response to treatments. Keep a detailed record to share with your vet. Conclusion: Understanding the Difference Between Allergy and Intolerance in Dogs Understanding the differences between allergies and intolerances in dogs is crucial for providing the best care for your furry friend. By recognizing the symptoms and knowing how to manage each condition, you can help alleviate your dog's discomfort and improve their overall well-being. Always consult with your veterinarian for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan. With the right knowledge and support, you can ensure your dog leads a happy, healthy life free from unnecessary discomfort.

Ever wonder why your dog’s digestive health is so vital? The digestive system isn’t just about processing food; it's about energy, growth, detoxification, cellular repair, hormone and neurotransmitter production (brain health!), and maintaining a robust immune system. But what happens when things go wrong? Many dogs suffer from poor digestive health, also known as 'dysbiosis,' which is in fact one of the leading causes for trips to the vet. In this article we will explore how to identify gut issues and improve them in epileptic dogs. Spotting the Signs of a Troubled Tummy Our dog’s can't tell us when they’re feeling off, but their bodies can. Here’s what to look out for: Constipation Diarrhea Vomiting or regurgitation Smelly flatulence Excessive drooling Reduced appetite Weight loss Blood or mucus in stools Dehydration Abdominal bloating Reluctance to move Hunched posture Abdominal tenderness What’s Causing That Upset Gut? There are many things that can turn your dog’s tummy topsy-turvy. Here are some common culprits: Medications:  Essential but tricky. Acid-lowering medications like proton pump inhibitors can mess with gut bacteria and increase infection risks. Anti-inflammatories can cause stomach ulcers. Antibiotics can wipe out good gut bugs and cause stomach irritation, vomiting, diarrhea, and poor appetite. Always talk to your vet if you notice adverse side effects. Dietary indiscretion:  Dogs love scavenging! Whether it’s from the trash or table scraps, eating the wrong things can lead to a quick bout of diarrhea or vomiting. Monitor your dog and note what they might have eaten if they show symptoms. Abrupt dietary changes:  Slow and steady wins the race when it comes to changing diets. A sudden diet change can cause bloating, gas, and loose stools as their gut flora adjusts. Take your time transitioning to new food to help their gut adapt- even that means going up just one tablespoon a day with your new food. Allergies and intolerances:  More and more dogs are reacting to certain foods, causing tummy troubles like diarrhea, vomiting, and excessive gas. An elimination diet, feeding a single protein source for at least eight weeks, can help pinpoint the problem and give the gut time to heal. Read more about how to tell the difference between an allergy and an intolerance here. Stress:  Stress can wreak havoc on your dog's gut, lowering good bacteria and increasing bad ones. It can slow digestion, leading to an upset stomach. Stress from psychological, environmental, and physical sources can alter the gut microbiota, reduce microbial diversity, increase pathogenic bacteria, compromise gut barrier integrity, and cause systemic inflammation. When to Make That Vet Visit Not all tummy troubles can be solved at home. Sometimes, a trip to the vet is necessary: Young puppies or senior dogs  need extra care. Dogs with chronic health conditions  should always be monitored. Symptoms of bloat  require immediate attention. Ongoing vomiting or diarrhea, especially with blood, is a red flag. Abdominal pain  and tenderness  should not be ignored. Listlessness  and dehydration  are serious signs. It’s always better to be safe and consult your vet if symptoms persist or if you're unsure about what might have triggered the issue. Boosting Your Dog’s Digestive Health For mild issues, here are effective ways to support your pup’s digestion: Whole Food Diet:  Give your dog’s gut a natural boost! Dogs on a wholefood diet often have healthier gut microbiota compared to those on kibble. Lower bacterial diversity is linked to gastrointestinal dysbiosis, intestinal inflammation, and compromised immune function. Transitioning to a natural diet, rich in diverse and abundant microbial composition, can promote better gut health and overall wellness. Probiotics:  The good guys! Probiotics can improve gut health, reduce inflammation, boost immunity, and aid in restoring balance between good and bad bacteria. They can help improve the gut lining, reduce diarrhea associated with antibiotic use and inflammatory bowel disease, enhance nutrient absorption, improve digestive function and bowel regularity, and even combat bad breath. Prebiotics:  Feed the good bacteria! Prebiotics are specific dietary fibers that promote the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. They are fermented by beneficial organisms in the intestine, producing short-chain fatty acids that enhance gut and immune health. Digestive enzymes:  Help break down food better, reducing symptoms like gas and bloating. Digestive enzymes are crucial for ensuring dogs get the nutrients they need from their food. Processed dog foods often lack these enzymes due to heat treatment. Supplementing with digestive enzymes can improve food breakdown and digestion, reducing symptoms such as belching, reflux, bloating, and diarrhea. Conclusion: How to Identify Gut Issues and Improve Them in Epileptic Dogs A healthy gut means a happy dog! While digestive issues are common, especially in puppies, there are plenty of ways to keep your dog’s gut in tip-top shape. Ingredients like prebiotics, probiotics, and digestive enzymes, along with a raw food diet, can significantly improve your dog's digestive health. However, always consult with a veterinarian if you have any concerns about your dog's wellbeing. Here’s to happy tummies and wagging tails!

Finding the best probiotic for dogs with epilepsy can be a game-changer for your pet’s health. This guide will help you understand the science behind probiotics, what to look for, and why they are beneficial for dogs with seizures. Understanding Probiotics and Their Benefits Probiotics are live bacteria and yeasts that are beneficial for health, particularly the digestive system. In dogs with epilepsy, maintaining a healthy gut microbiome can significantly impact brain health due to the gut-brain axis. This connection means that a healthy gut can help manage seizures and improve overall well-being. Why Probiotics Help Dogs with Epilepsy Probiotics help maintain a balanced gut microbiome, which is crucial for dogs with epilepsy. The gut-brain axis allows gut bacteria to communicate with the brain, influencing neurological health. Probiotics can reduce inflammation, produce neurotransmitters like GABA, and improve gut health, all of which can help control seizures in dogs with epilepsy. What to Look for in a Probiotic When choosing a probiotic for dogs with epilepsy, look for the following qualities: Species-Specific Strains:  Ensure the probiotic is specifically designed for dogs, not humans. Dog-specific probiotics are formulated to meet the unique needs of canine digestive systems. Beneficial Strains:  Look for strains that have been shown to support brain health. These are just a few! Lactobacillus rhamnosus:  Known for its ability to reduce anxiety and support brain health. Bifidobacterium longum:  Helps in reducing inflammation and improving cognitive function. Lactobacillus acidophilus:  Supports overall gut health and helps in neurotransmitter production. High CFU Count:  Colony Forming Units (CFUs) indicate the number of live and active microorganisms in the probiotic. A higher CFU count ensures that enough beneficial bacteria reach the gut. Quality and Purity:  Choose probiotics from reputable brands that ensure their products are free from contaminants and have been tested for potency and safety. Probiotics That Will Not Help the Brain Not all probiotics are created equal. Some strains are beneficial for gut health but may not have a significant impact on brain health. For example, Streptococcus thermophilus  and Lactobacillus bulgaricus  are commonly used in yogurt and other fermented products but primarily aid in digestion and may not directly influence brain health. Avoid Giving Human Probiotics to Dogs Human probiotics are not suitable for dogs. The gut flora of dogs and humans differ significantly, and probiotics designed for humans may not survive in a dog's digestive system. Always choose probiotics specifically formulated for canine health to ensure efficacy and safety. Conclusion: How to Pick the Best Probiotic for Dogs with Epilepsy That Boosts Brain Health When selecting a probiotic for your dog with epilepsy, focus on quality, specific beneficial strains, and products designed for canine health. This approach ensures that the probiotic will effectively support your dog’s gut and brain health, helping manage their epilepsy.

How to Safely Use Essential Oils for Epilepsy in Dogs As a pet owner, you want to provide the best possible care for your dog, especially if they suffer from a condition like epilepsy. While traditional medications can be effective, many pet parents are exploring natural alternatives, such as essential oils. However, it's crucial to use these oils safely and responsibly. While essential oils hold potential for helping normal and epileptic dogs, their proper use and care are paramount. Misuse or overuse of certain essential oils can lead to adverse effects, including increased seizure risk, skin irritation, vomiting, or even death. In this blog post, we'll guide you through best practices of using essential oils for epileptic dogs. What are Essential Oils? Essential oils are concentrated plant extracts obtained through various methods, such as steam distillation or cold-pressing. Essential oils are expensive because it takes so much plant material to make them. For example, it takes about 250 lbs of lavender flower to make 1 lb of lavender essential oil. This extreme concentration is why essential oils can be more beneficial or dangerous than their plant counterparts. How do Essential Oils Work? Essential oils have been used for centuries in traditional medicine and aromatherapy practices. Essential oils are believed to interact with the body's olfactory system (smell) and potentially influence various physiological processes. In the case of epileptic dogs, certain essential oils may help promote calmness, reduce anxiety, and potentially support brain function. See our post on essential oils for seizures here. However, it's important to note that essential oils should not be considered a substitute for prescribed medications or veterinary care. It is also important to note that essential oils can easily be toxic and dangerous for your dog if they are used incorrectly. Step 1: Choose High-Quality Essential Oils When using essential oils for your epileptic dog, it's crucial to choose high-quality, pure, and unadulterated products from reputable sources. Be wary of cheaper brands that may be diluted with synthetic oils or contain additives, as these can be harmful to your pet. Opt for 100% organic essential oils from plants that have not been exposed to pesticides, herbicides, or grown in soils containing toxins. While terms like "therapeutic grade" are often used for marketing purposes, there is no authentic grading system for essential oils. The quality can vary from batch to batch and geographic location due to factors like moisture, soil quality, and extraction processes. To ensure you're getting a pure, high-quality product, look for small companies that distill their own oils or have direct relationships with the farms. Seek out information on the country of origin, growing conditions, elevation, and extraction methods. The oils should be in dark amber or blue glass bottles, with labels including the Latin names, lot, and batch numbers. Additionally, each essential oil has a typical price range, and if the price is significantly lower than average, it may be adulterated. A reputable company should have good customer service practices and be willing to provide the results of gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) testing, which helps determine the purity of the essential oil. If you're new to using essential oils or unsure about how to use them safely, consult a certified aromatherapist or holistic practitioner with experience using essential oils with animals. Remember, our pets are far more sensitive to contaminants and adulterants than we are, so it's crucial to prioritise purity and quality when choosing essential oils for your epileptic dog. Step 2: Introduce Your Dog to Essential Oils Slowly Dogs have an incredible sense of smell, and some essential oils can be overwhelming or irritating to them. It's crucial to introduce new oils very gradually and observe your dog's reactions closely. Start by letting your dog sniff the bottle with the cap still on. If they turn away, show discomfort or disinterest, do not proceed with that oil. If they seem ok with the oil you can proceed to open the bottle: Open the bottle and hold it at nose level from a respectable distance (1-2 feet away) allowing your dog to approach and inhale the aroma Be patient and let your dog inhale at their own pace Never chase or force your dog to smell an oil Watch for your dog’s reaction: Signs they like it: If she likes it, she’ll lick her lips, or blink rapidly or mouth. Don’t let your dog touch the bottle or lick the oil. Signs they dislike it: signs your dog has had enough like losing interest, backing away, excessive blinking/licking, or falling into a deep sleep. Respect these signals and don't push further. Step 3: With Essential Oils, Less is More Dogs have an incredible sense of smell, with 200-300 million scent receptors in their noses compared to our mere 5 million. If our sense of smell was vision, what we could see clearly from 1/3 mile away, our dogs could perceive from an astonishing 3,000 miles away. Their olfactory abilities far surpass our own. With their olfactory superpowers, our dogs experience essential oil aromas far more intensely than we do. Using too much oil or applying it incorrectly could easily overwhelm your dog's senses. Respect this sensitivity by using only the minimum amount necessary to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. Overusing or improperly applying essential oils can lead to adverse effects or even toxicity. Less really is more when it comes to safely using essential oils, especially when using them for epileptic dogs. Step 4: Always Dilute the Essential Oils in A Carrier Oil for Topical Use While essential oils are natural plant extracts, they are highly concentrated and potent. In nature, plants produce only minuscule amounts of these oils for purposes like communication and protection. For example, it takes 16 pounds of peppermint leaves to make just 1 ounce of peppermint essential oil! This makes undiluted essential oils 75 times stronger than their herbal counterparts - an extreme form of natural medicine. Using them undiluted, especially internally or topically, can easily overwhelm your dog and lead to adverse reactions including burning and itching reactions on your dog’s skin. Never apply undiluted oils directly to your dog's skin or fur (or yours!). For topical use, general guidelines suggest a 0.25-1% dilution ratio. This means adding just 1-6 drops of essential oil per ounce of a carrier oil. When diluting, our favourite carrier oil is fractionated coconut oil. It combines well with essential oils, slows absorption to avoid sensitivities, prevents rapid dissipation, won't clog pores, and doesn't go rancid like other vegetable oils. Coconut oil works well too if fractionated coconut oil is not available. Other popular carrier oils include almond, apricot kernel, and castor oil. Proper dilution ensures your dog receives just the right potency of therapeutic essential oils without risking negative reactions from overexposure. Always respect their incredible sense of smell and the concentrated strength of these botanical extracts. Step 5: Do Not Feed Essential Oils to Your Dog Essential oils should never be given to your dog internally without the explicit guidance of a licensed and qualified professional. Ingestion, increases various risks of using essential oils, including gastric irritation, interactions with conventional medications, and fetal damage in pregnancy. One significant risk of internal use is tissue damage. Oils can irritate the lining of their mouth, throat, stomach, and intestines. Prolonged ingestion can lead to headaches, nausea, vomiting, and even kidney and liver damage. Long-term use, depending on dose and frequency, carries the risk of accumulation in the body, potentially leading to systemic toxicity. Symptoms of toxicity include: Diarrhoea Excess salivation (drooling) Lethargy These symptoms often appear over time, meaning that by the time you notice them, significant harm may have already occurred. Always prioritise your dog's safety by avoiding internal use of essential oils and consulting with a veterinarian or certified aromatherapist for appropriate treatments. Step 6: Monitor For Reactions Every dog is unique, and their response to essential oils may vary. Closely monitor your dog for any signs of discomfort, such as excessive drooling, panting, or changes in behaviour. If you notice any adverse reactions, discontinue use immediately and consult your veterinarian. By following these guidelines and consulting with your veterinarian, you can safely explore the potential benefits of essential oils for epilepsy in your dogs. Remember, essential oils should be used as a complementary therapy and not as a replacement for prescribed medications or veterinary care.

A Note of Caution on Essential Oils: While essential oils hold potential for helping epileptic dogs, their proper use and care are paramount. Misuse or overuse of certain essential oils can lead to adverse effects, including increased seizure risk, skin irritation, vomiting, or even death. Never let your dog ingest any essential oils. Consult with a veterinarian experienced in integrative medicine before incorporating essential oils into your dog's health regimen. For detailed guidance on the safe application of essential oils for dogs, see our comprehensive guide on how to use essential oils on dogs . Understanding Essential Oils: Potent Plant Extracts Essential oils are highly concentrated extracts derived from plants through processes like distillation or cold pressing. Unlike the plants themselves, which may have mild effects, essential oils pack a powerful punch due to their concentrated nature. Just a small amount of essential oil contains the essence of many pounds of the plant, making them much more potent. Essential oils are expensive because it takes so much plant material to make them. For example, it takes about 250 lbs of lavender flower to make 1 lb of lavender essential oil. This extreme concentration is why essential oils can be more beneficial or dangerous than their plant counterparts. The strong, active compounds in these oils can significantly impact the body, leading to beneficial medical uses, and sometimes adverse reactions such as seizures. Therefore, it's crucial to handle essential oils with care and use them responsibly. Introduction to Essential Oils and Their Traditional Uses Historically, essential oils have been utilised as anticonvulsants (seizure prevention) in traditional medicine across various cultures worldwide, particularly in the Middle East, India, China, and Brazil. The extensive traditional use of essential oils in these regions has spurred significant research efforts by local institutions to scientifically validate their anti-epileptic effects. This cultural and scientific legacy underscores the potential of essential oils in modern epilepsy management. Essential Oils and the Blood-Brain Barrier A critical property of essential oils in the context of epilepsy treatment is their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). For a drug to be effective against neurological conditions, it must be able to penetrate this barrier. Typically, compounds likely to cross the BBB are small (less than 400 Daltons) and exhibit high lipid solubility. Virtually all compounds found in essential oils meet these criteria, making them promising candidates for neurological therapies, including seizure management. Compounds in Essential Oils with Anticonvulsant Properties Essential oils contain natural compounds that can influence how the brain functions, particularly by affecting GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), a key chemical in the brain. GABA acts like a natural calming agent, preventing overexcitement and reducing the likelihood of seizures. Additionally, some compounds in essential oils can influence ion channels in neurons, which are crucial for regulating electrical activity in the brain. By modulating these channels, the compounds help stabilise neuronal activity and further prevent seizures. Let's explore the specific compounds in these essential oils and how they help prevent seizures in dogs. Linalool (Lavender & Coriander Oil) Linalool, abundant in lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum) essential oils, shows promising anti-convulsive effects by influencing calcium and potassium channels in neurons. Linalool enhances GABA receptor function, suppressing seizure activity. It also modulates sodium channels and increases potassium currents, contributing to its anticonvulsant properties. Additionally, linalool may protect the brain by interacting with NMDA receptors, potentially shielding neurons from calcium toxicity during seizures. Studies demonstrate lavender oil's efficacy in preventing convulsions, showcasing linalool's potential in epilepsy management. Citral (Lemongrass Oil) Citral is a key component found in the essential oils of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and other Cymbopogon species. Citral works by modulating GABA, the brain’s natural calming agent. Studies have shown that it could help with seizures by increasing the time before seizures start and reducing their severity. Asarone (Ginger Oil) Asarone is found in the roots of plants like wild ginger (Asarum species) and their essential oils. There are two types: alpha-asarone and beta-asarone. Research shows that alpha-asarone can help prevent seizures by increasing calming GABA levels in the brain. However, beta-asarone, found in high quantities in calamus (Acorus calamus), might actually raise the risk of seizures, so the specific type of asarone is very important. Carvone (Mint Oil) Carvone is a natural compound found in mint plants and some Mediterranean spices. It comes in two forms: (S)-carvone and (R)-carvone. The (S)-carvone form, found in plants such as dill (Anethum graveolens) and caraway (Carum carvi) oils, has been shown to have anticonvulsant properties by increasing GABA activity in the brain without causing drowsiness. On the other hand, the (R)-carvone form, which is found in spearmint (Mentha spicata) and some types of calamint (Calamintha officinalis), does not have these benefits. Eugenol (Clove/ Bayleaf Oil) Eugenol is a key compound found in essential oils like clove oil (Eugenia caryophyllata) and bay leaf oil (Laurus nobilis). Its anticonvulsant properties come from the fact that it blocks the sodium channels in the brain. This action helps calm overexcited neurons and reduces the likelihood, severity, duration, and damage of seizures. However, it should be noted that Eugenol has a depressive effect on the nervous system, and requires extra care and dilution when working with essential oils that fall in this category. Citronellol (Geranium/ Lemongrass Oil) Citronellol is a compound present in various aromatic plant oils such as citronella (Cymbopogon nardus), geranium (Pelargonium graveolens), and lemongrass Cymbopogon citratus). Studies have shown it protects against convulsions caused by drugs and electric shocks in animal models. It significantly reduces seizures and delays the onset of clonic seizures, providing strong anticonvulsant protection. This effect is partly due to its ability to reduce the strength of action potentials in neurons. Compounds in Essential Oils That May Increase Seizure Risk While some essential oils have beneficial anticonvulsant properties, others can act as convulsants and increase seizure risk. Certain compounds within these specific oils can influence brain activity in ways that heighten the risk of seizures, almost the inverted effect of the beneficial oils above. While some compounds in essential oils bolster the calming effects of neurotransmitters like GABA, reducing seizure activity, others may disrupt these processes, leading to increased brain excitability. Let's explore the specific compounds in these essential oils and how they interact with the brain in ways that may increase seizures. Thujone (sage, wormwood, thuja, cedar) Thujone is found in sage, wormwood, thuja, and cedar, and at high concentrations in their essential oil forms. Thujone interferes with the balance of chemicals in the brain, potentially disrupting the activity of neurotransmitters like GABA, which helps calm nerve activity. This disruption can lead to abnormal electrical signals in the brain, triggering seizures. Multiple reports and studies in humans and animals alike clearly link this compound to seizures. 1,8-Cineole (eucalyptus and rosemary) Also known as eucalyptol, 1,8-cineole is found in eucalyptus and rosemary, which becomes more concentrated when these plants are turned into essential oil. 1,8-Cineole has been linked to seizures in both humans and animals at higher dosages; however, some studies show that 1,8-cineole can have anticonvulsant effects in animal models. For instance, essential oils from plants like cardamom and guava, which contain 1,8-cineole, showed some protective effects against seizures. This paradox might be due to 1,8-cineole acting as a weak partial antagonist of GABA receptors. GABA receptors are crucial for calming neuronal activity and preventing seizures. 1,8-cineole may bind to these receptors but does not activate them strongly, potentially blocking stronger convulsant agents from provoking seizures. This weak antagonistic effect can create a misleading appearance of calming or anticonvulsant action in some contexts. Camphor (camphor, sage, eucalyptus, and rosemary) Camphor, present in camphor, sage, eucalyptus, and rosemary oils, can disrupt GABA neurotransmission and trigger seizures. Camphor disrupts normal brain function by interfering with neurotransmitter activity, particularly affecting GABA, a neurotransmitter that helps calm neuronal activity. By blocking the calming effects of GABA, camphor can cause neurons to become overly excited, leading to seizures. (Note: rosemary essential oil is very different to rosemary extract, which is a common natural preservative that is completely safe for epileptic dogs. It is a myth based on confusion around rosemary essential oil, vs. extract, vs. plant. If you want to read about it you can do so here ) Pinocamphone (hyssop, pines) Pinocamphone is found in hyssop and some pine species. It has been identified as a convulsive agent for both animals and humans, meaning it can trigger seizures at certain doses. The convulsive effects of pinocamphone are linked to its impact on the nervous system. Like many of the other compounds discussed here, Pinocamphone can interfere with the normal function of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) receptors in the brain. GABA is a neurotransmitter that helps to inhibit neuronal activity and maintain a calm, stable nervous system. By disrupting GABA receptor function, pinocamphone can lead to overexcitation of neurons, increasing the risk of seizures. Essential Oils that May Help in Seizure Management for Epileptic Dogs: Please note that all essential oils should be introduced slowly with extreme care. They should all be heavily diluted with a base oil, making up 0.25-1% of the entire solution. Read our using essential oil guide and speak to your vet. Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) : Lavender oil essential oil, rich in linalool, delays seizure onset and reduces their intensity by enhancing GABA activity and stabilizing neuron ion channels, making it an effective natural anticonvulsant. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) : Primarily composed of citral, lemongrass essential oil has been shown to delay the onset of seizures and decrease their intensity in various seizure models. Studies suggest that citral enhances GABA activity, which helps calm the brain and prevent seizures. Wild Ginger (Asarum species):  High in alpha-asarone, wild ginger essential oil can help prevent seizures by increasing calming GABA levels in the brain. Sweet Flag (Acorus gramineus):  Also high in alpha-asarone, sweet flag essential oil can help increase GABA levels in the brain. Caraway (Carum carvi):  Containing a substantial amount of (S)-carvone, caraway essential oil has been shown to have anticonvulsant properties by increasing GABA activity in the brain without causing drowsiness. Dill (Anethum graveolens) : Similar containing a substantial amount of (S)-carvone, dill essential oil has been shown to have anticonvulsant properties by increasing GABA activity in the brain without causing drowsiness. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum):  Rich in eugenol, clove essential oil works by depressing the nervous system, which can have a calming effect to lessen seizures but also can impair motor function. Note this essential oil needs to be used with extra care and heavy dilution as it can be toxic. Cinnamon Bark (Cinnamomum verum) : similarly, cinnamon bark essential oil is rich in eugenol, which works by depressing the nervous system, which can have a calming effect to lessen seizures but also can impair motor function. Note this essential oil needs to be used with extra care and heavy dilution as it can be toxic. Essential Oils to Avoid: The following essential oils should be avoided where possible, especially at higher doses or concentrations. Sage (Salvia officinalis) : Contains high levels of thujone, which interferes with the balance of chemicals in the brain, potentially disrupting the activity of neurotransmitters like GABA. Cedar (Cedrus spp.) :  Contains high levels of thujone, which interferes with the balance of chemicals in the brain, potentially disrupting the activity of neurotransmitters like GABA. Thuja (Thuja plicata) :  Contains high levels of thujone, which interferes with the balance of chemicals in the brain, potentially disrupting the activity of neurotransmitters like GABA. Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) : Contains 1,8-cineole and camphor, both of which disrupt normal brain function by interfering with neurotransmitter activity. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) : Contains 1,8-cineole and camphor, both of which disrupt normal brain function by interfering with neurotransmitter activity. Please note that rosemary essential oil is different than rosemary extract. Rosemary extract, a common natural preservative, is safe for dogs as these 2 chemicals are stripped out in the process of making the extract. Read more here Camphor Tree (Cinnamomum camphora) : High in camphor, which disrupts normal brain function by interfering with neurotransmitter activity. Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) : Contains pinocamphone. Pennyroyal ( Mentha pulegium):  may cause epileptic and toxic effects due to its pulegone and menthofuran content which are toxic for the body and lead to tissue breakdown. Fennel ( Anethum graveolens):  is also documented for having proconvulsive effects Conclusion: Can Essential Oils Help Prevent Seizures for Dogs with Epilepsy? Essential oils have diverse effects on seizure management, which are largely determined by their specific chemical constituents. Understanding the nuanced roles of these compounds is critical for safely utilising essential oils in epileptic dogs. Oils containing alpha-asarone, (S)-carvone, citral, eugenol, and linalool show potential anticonvulsant benefits. In contrast, oils with thujone, 1,8-cineole, camphor, and pinocamphone pose seizure risks, especially when used internally or at high doses. For dog owners and veterinarians, it is crucial to approach the use of essential oils with a thorough understanding of their chemical properties and potential impacts. Consulting with a veterinarian experienced in integrative medicine can help ensure the safe and effective use of essential oils for managing epilepsy in dogs. References: Bahr TA, Rodriguez D, Beaumont C, Allred K. The Effects of Various Essential Oils on Epilepsy and Acute Seizure: A Systematic Review. 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If you're exploring natural remedies to support your dog’s health, you may have come across essential oils for dogs with epilepsy. While these plant extracts can offer various benefits, it's crucial to use them correctly. In this blog post, we'll dive into important cautions for using essential oils on dogs. If you want to read about the benefits of essential oils for epilepsy, read this post. Consult Your Holistic Vet Or Canine Homeopath First Before introducing any essential oils to your dog's care routine, always consult your veterinarian. This is especially vital for dogs with underlying health conditions or those on medication. Your vet can advise on which oils are safe and how to use them properly. Use High-Quality Oils Opt for 100% pure, organic essential oils from reputable sources. Cheaper oils may contain additives or synthetic ingredients that can be harmful to your dog. High-quality oils ensure that your dog receives the full therapeutic benefits without the risks associated with lower-grade products. Proper Dilution is Key Essential oils are highly concentrated and must be diluted before applying them to your dog. Use a carrier oil, such as coconut or olive oil. A general guideline is to use a 0.25-1% dilution ratio. For example, mix 1-6 drops of essential oil per ounce of carrier oil. This prevents skin irritation and ensures safe usage. Never Allow Ingestion Essential oils should never be ingested by dogs. Ingesting oils can cause severe health issues, including toxicity, gastrointestinal upset, and liver damage. Always apply oils topically or use them in a diffuser. Introduce Oils Gradually Dogs have a powerful sense of smell, so introduce new essential oils gradually. Start by letting your dog sniff the essential oil with the cap on. If they seem comfortable, you can then introduce the diluted oil. Watch for any signs of discomfort or dislike, such as turning away or sneezing. Avoid Sensitive Areas Do not apply essential oils to your dog's face, particularly around the eyes, nose, and mouth. These areas are highly sensitive and can easily become irritated. Also, avoid the genital area. Apply oils to less sensitive areas, such as the back. Monitor for Reactions Every dog is unique and may react differently to essential oils. Monitor your dog closely for any signs of adverse reactions, such as excessive drooling, panting, or changes in behaviour. If you notice any issues, stop using the oil immediately and consult your vet. Store Oils Safely Keep essential oils out of reach of pets and children. Store them in a cool, dark place to maintain their efficacy and prevent accidental ingestion. Proper storage extends the life of the oils and keeps them safe for future use. Use Pet-Safe Oils Some essential oils are toxic to dogs. Avoid using oils like tea tree, sage, rosemary etc. Always check if an oil is safe for dogs before use. Oils like lavender and mint generally considered safe when used properly. See a full list of appropriate and dangerous oils here. Aromatic Use: Diffusion Tips When using a diffuser, ensure the room is well-ventilated and that your dog can leave the area if they wish. Limit diffusion to short periods to avoid overwhelming your dog’s senses. This method can be beneficial for creating a calming environment, especially for dogs with epilepsy. Special Considerations for Pregnant and Nursing Dogs Do not use essential oils on pregnant or nursing dogs without veterinary approval. Some oils can affect hormone levels and may not be safe during pregnancy or lactation. Be Cautious with Puppies Puppies have sensitive systems and are more vulnerable to the effects of essential oils. To ensure their safety, consult a vet before using essential oils on young dogs. Conclusion: Essential Oils for Dogs With Epilepsy: Important Cautions Using essential oils for dogs can offer many benefits, but it's important to proceed with caution. By consulting your vet, using high-quality oils, and following proper dilution guidelines, you can safely incorporate essential oils into your dog’s care routine. Remember, monitoring for reactions and avoiding sensitive areas are key steps in ensuring your dog's health and well-being. Stay informed and keep your dog safe.

Can Hot Weather Trigger Seizures in Dogs? Heatstroke in Dogs With Epilepsy Understanding heatstroke in dogs is crucial to ensuring all dogs stay healthy, especially those with epilepsy. Heatstroke can be particularly concerning for dogs with epilepsy as it can exacerbate their symptoms and lead to severe complications, including seizures. In this post, we'll delve into the primary causes of heatstroke in dogs, highlight the environmental and physical factors contributing to this condition, and discuss the early warning signs every dog owner should be aware of. By staying informed, you can help protect your dog's health and prevent the onset of heatstroke. Causes of Heatstroke in Dogs Environmental Factors Heatstroke occurs when a dog's body temperature rises to dangerous levels, typically above 41°C (105.8°F). This can happen due to various environmental factors, including: High Ambient Temperatures: Dogs can struggle to regulate their body temperature when the ambient temperature rises above 30°C (86°F). Unlike humans, dogs primarily cool themselves through panting and limited sweating through their paw pads. When the external temperature is high, especially in humid conditions, these cooling mechanisms become less effective. Lack of Ventilation: Dogs left in enclosed spaces without adequate ventilation, such as cars or poorly ventilated rooms, are at significant risk of heatstroke. Without proper air circulation, the heat surrounding the dog's body prevents effective cooling, leading to a rapid increase in body temperature. Direct Sunlight: Prolonged exposure to direct sunlight without access to shade can rapidly increase a dog's body temperature. Breeds with thick coats, dark fur, or those predisposed to overheating are particularly at risk. Sunlight directly raises the temperature of their skin and fur, leading to faster overheating. Physical Exertion Strenuous exercise in hot weather can also lead to heatstroke. Dogs exerting themselves, particularly without adequate breaks and hydration, can quickly overheat. This is often exacerbated in dogs not accustomed to high levels of physical activity or those with underlying health conditions. Heatstroke can result from exposure to a hot and humid environment (classical heatstroke) or due to strenuous physical exercise (exertional heatstroke). Interestingly, although exercise and excitement can significantly contribute to the induction of heatstroke in confined dogs, heatstroke is rare in dogs that run free, regardless of exercise and air temperature. This indicates that dogs have a natural ability to regulate their body temperature effectively when they are not restricted by confinement or poor ventilation. Understanding Canine Thermoregulation Dogs have a different mechanism of thermoregulation compared to humans. They do not sweat through their skin; instead, they rely on panting and a limited amount of sweating through their paw pads to dissipate heat. Here's a detailed overview of how dogs regulate their body temperature: Panting: Panting is the primary method dogs use to cool down. When a dog pants, air passes over the moist surfaces of their tongue, nasal passages, and the lining of their lungs, causing evaporation. This evaporation helps to cool the blood in the capillaries of these surfaces, effectively reducing the dog's overall body temperature. The efficiency of panting can be reduced in humid conditions, as the air already contains a high amount of moisture, which slows the rate of evaporation. Radiation and Convection: More than 70% of a dog's body heat is lost through radiation and convection from the body surfaces. This process is less effective in confined spaces with poor ventilation, as the surrounding air quickly heats up, reducing the temperature gradient necessary for effective heat loss. Evaporation: In addition to panting, dogs lose heat through evaporation from their skin and paw pads, although this is minimal compared to humans who sweat profusely. Vasodilation: During high temperatures, dogs can increase blood flow to the skin (cutaneous vasodilation) to dissipate heat. However, this mechanism is also limited by environmental conditions. When the external temperature approaches the dog's body temperature, the effectiveness of vasodilation decreases. These thermoregulatory mechanisms are usually sufficient to maintain a dog's body temperature within a safe range. However, in extreme conditions, such as high ambient temperatures, high humidity, and strenuous exercise, these mechanisms can be overwhelmed, leading to heatstroke. Early Warning Signs of Heatstroke Recognising the early signs of heatstroke is vital for preventing severe health complications, including seizures, which are a significant concern for dogs with epilepsy. Here are the key symptoms to watch for: Excessive Panting and Drooling: While panting is a normal cooling mechanism, excessive panting and drooling are early signs that a dog is struggling to regulate its temperature. Bright Red or Pale Gums: Heatstroke can cause changes in gum colour due to poor circulation. Bright red gums may indicate heat stress, while pale or blue gums are signs of severe oxygen deprivation. Lethargy and Weakness: Dogs suffering from heatstroke often exhibit extreme tiredness, weakness, or even collapse. They may be reluctant to move or stand. Vomiting and Diarrhoea: Gastrointestinal distress, including vomiting and diarrhoea, can be a response to overheating. These symptoms may also be accompanied by blood, indicating more severe heatstroke. Disorientation and Staggering: Neurological symptoms such as disorientation, confusion, or staggering are critical warning signs. These can escalate to seizures, particularly in dogs with epilepsy. Rapid Heart Rate: An elevated heart rate is the body's attempt to cool down by increasing blood flow. If you can feel your dog's heart racing, they may be overheating. Seizures and Loss of Consciousness: In severe cases, heatstroke can lead to seizures and loss of consciousness. This is an emergency situation requiring immediate veterinary intervention. Prevention is Key Preventing heatstroke is essential for maintaining dog health, particularly for dogs with epilepsy. Here are some preventive measures: Hydration: Always provide fresh, cool water for your dog, especially during hot weather. Shade and Cool Areas: Ensure your dog has access to shaded areas and cool environments, both indoors and outdoors. Avoid Peak Heat: Limit exercise and outdoor activities during the hottest parts of the day. Ventilation: Ensure good airflow in areas where your dog spends time, especially if they are indoors. Regular Monitoring: Keep an eye on your dog's behaviour and physical condition, especially if they are prone to overheating or have pre-existing health conditions. By understanding the causes and symptoms of heatstroke in dogs, you can take proactive steps to safeguard your dog's health. Remember, dogs with seizures or epilepsy are particularly vulnerable to the effects of overheating, making vigilance and preventive care even more critical. Stay informed, stay compassionate, and keep your dogs safe during the warmer months. Conclusion Heatstroke in dogs is a serious condition that requires immediate attention and preventive measures. By recognising the environmental and physical factors contributing to heatstroke and understanding the early warning signs, you can help protect your dog's health and well-being. For dogs with epilepsy, preventing heatstroke is especially important to avoid exacerbating their condition, as hot weather can trigger seizures in dogs. Stay vigilant, provide a cool and safe environment, and ensure your beloved pet remains healthy and happy. References: Bruchim, Yaron, Michal Horowitz, and Itamar Aroch. "Pathophysiology of heatstroke in dogs–revisited." *Temperature* 4.4 (2017): 356-370. Bruchim, Yaron, et al. "Heat stroke in dogs: a retrospective study of 54 cases (1999–2004) and analysis of risk factors for death." *Journal of veterinary internal medicine* 20.1 (2006): 38-46. Bruchim, Y. "Canine heatstroke." *Isr J Vet Med* 67.2 (2012): 92-95. Flournoy, W. Shannon, Douglass K. Macintire, and James S. Wohl. "Heatstroke in dogs: clinical signs, treatment, prognosis, and prevention." *Compendium* 25.6 (2003): 422-431. Hemmelgarn, Carey, and Kristi Gannon. "Heatstroke: clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis." *Compend Contin Educ Vet* 35.7 (2013): E3. Larson, Renee L., and R. W. Carithers. "A review of heat stroke and its complications in the canine." *New Zealand veterinary journal* 33.12 (1985): 202-206. Romanucci, Mariarita, and Leonardo Della Salda. "Pathophysiology and pathological findings of heatstroke in dogs." *Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports* (2013): 1-9.

With summer in full swing, it's vital for dog owners to understand how to prevent heatstroke and create a safe, cool environment for their dogs to enjoy. Dogs, especially those with canine epilepsy, are particularly vulnerable to the effects of overheating, which can exacerbate their condition and lead to severe health complications. This guide offers practical advice on keeping your dogs cool, ensuring they stay hydrated, and avoiding excessive exercise during hot weather. By taking these precautions, you can help maintain your dog's health and prevent the onset of heatstroke. Understanding Heatstroke in Dogs Heatstroke is a serious condition that occurs when a dog's body temperature rises above 41°C (105.8°F). Unlike humans, dogs have limited ways to cool down, primarily relying on panting and minimal sweating through their paw pads. When these mechanisms are overwhelmed by high ambient temperatures, humidity, or strenuous activity, heatstroke can quickly develop. Recognising the signs of heatstroke early and taking preventive measures is crucial, especially for dogs with epilepsy, as they are more susceptible to the adverse effects of overheating. Practical Tips to Prevent Heatstroke 1. Keep Your Dog Hydrated Hydration is essential for maintaining your dog's health and preventing heatstroke. Here are some tips to ensure your dog stays well-hydrated: Always Provide Fresh Water:  Ensure that your dog has access to fresh, cool water at all times. Consider placing multiple water bowls around your home and garden to encourage frequent drinking. Use a Pet Water Fountain:  Pet water fountains can keep water cool and encourage your dog to drink more frequently. Add Ice Cubes:  On particularly hot days, adding ice cubes to your dog's water bowl can help keep the water cool and refreshing. Try Bone Broth or Electrolytes:  to get your dog to drink and stay hydrated, try using doggy electrolytes or low sodium bone broth. You can even make bone broth ice cubes for a little refreshing game for your pup on super hot days. 2. Create a Cool Environment Providing a cool and comfortable environment is key to preventing heatstroke. Here are some ways to achieve this: Shade and Shelter:  Ensure your dog has access to shaded areas when outdoors. Trees, umbrellas, and specially designed pet canopies can provide effective shade. Cooling Mats:  Invest in cooling mats or pads designed for pets. These mats absorb and dissipate heat, providing a cool surface for your dog to lie on. Fans and Air Conditioning:  Use fans or air conditioning to keep indoor areas cool. Portable fans can also be used outdoors to create a breeze in shaded areas. Avoid Hot Surfaces:  Hot pavements and sand can burn your dog's paws and increase their body temperature. Walk your dog on grass or dirt paths whenever possible, and avoid walking during the hottest parts of the day. 3. Limit Exercise During Peak Heat Exercise is essential for your dog's health, but it should be carefully managed during hot weather: Exercise Early or Late:  Walk and play with your dog during the cooler parts of the day, such as early morning or late evening. Avoid midday when temperatures are highest. Take Breaks:  If you must exercise your dog during warmer hours, take frequent breaks in the shade and offer water regularly. Watch for Signs of Overheating:  Monitor your dog for signs of overheating, such as excessive panting, drooling, or lethargy. If you notice these signs, stop exercising and cool your dog down immediately. Recognising the Signs of Heatstroke Despite taking preventive measures, it's essential to recognise the signs of heatstroke in dogs: Excessive Panting and Drooling:  While panting is normal, excessive panting and drooling can indicate overheating. Bright Red or Pale Gums:  Changes in gum colour can signal poor circulation and oxygen deprivation. Lethargy and Weakness:  Dogs suffering from heatstroke may become very tired and weak, potentially collapsing. Vomiting and Diarrhoea:  Gastrointestinal distress can be a sign of heatstroke and may be accompanied by blood. Disorientation and Staggering:  Neurological symptoms, such as confusion and difficulty walking, are critical warning signs. Seizures and Loss of Consciousness:  In severe cases, heatstroke can lead to seizures and loss of consciousness, requiring immediate veterinary intervention Emergency Cooling Measures If you suspect your dog is suffering from heatstroke, take immediate action: Move to a Cool Area:  Relocate your dog to a shaded or air-conditioned area. Cool Water:  Offer small amounts of cool (not cold) water for your dog to drink. Avoid giving too much water at once to prevent vomiting. Wet Towels:  Apply cool, wet towels to your dog's body, focusing on the neck, armpits, and groin area. You can also use a hose or place your dog in a shallow pool of cool water. Ice Packs:  on particularly hot days, you might want to carry some emergency ice packs that you can use to cool your dog down by gently placing at the nape of their neck. Fans:  Use fans to help cool your dog, enhancing the effect of wet towels or water. Seek veterinary assistance immediately if your dog shows signs of severe heatstroke. Conclusion: Preventing Heatstroke in Dogs with Epilepsy: Essential Tips to Keep Your Pets Cool This Summer Preventing heatstroke is crucial for maintaining your dog's health, especially for those with epilepsy. By keeping your dog hydrated, creating a cool environment, and managing exercise during hot weather, you can significantly reduce the risk of heatstroke. Stay vigilant, provide a safe and comfortable space for your dog, and ensure they remain healthy and happy throughout the summer. References Bruchim, Yaron, Michal Horowitz, and Itamar Aroch. "Pathophysiology of heatstroke in dogs–revisited."  Temperature  4.4 (2017): 356-370. Bruchim, Yaron, et al. "Heat stroke in dogs: a retrospective study of 54 cases (1999–2004) and analysis of risk factors for death."  Journal of veterinary internal medicine  20.1 (2006): 38-46. Bruchim, Y. "Canine heatstroke."  Isr J Vet Med  67.2 (2012): 92-95. Flournoy, W. Shannon, Douglass K. Macintire, and James S. Wohl. "Heatstroke in dogs: clinical signs, treatment, prognosis, and prevention."  Compendium  25.6 (2003): 422-431. Hemmelgarn, Carey, and Kristi Gannon. "Heatstroke: clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis."  Compend Contin Educ Vet  35.7 (2013): E3. Larson, Renee L., and R. W. Carithers. "A review of heat stroke and its complications in the canine."  New Zealand veterinary journal  33.12 (1985): 202-206. Romanucci, Mariarita, and Leonardo Della Salda. "Pathophysiology and pathological findings of heatstroke in dogs."  Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports  (2013): 1-9.