As tick season approaches, it's essential to equip yourself with the knowledge of safely removing ticks from your beloved 4 legged bestie. In this guide, we'll delve into the importance of daily tick checks, the proper technique for removing ticks, and why early removal is crucial for your dog's health. Why Daily Tick Checks Are Crucial for Dog Health? Ticks are not just pesky nuisances; they can transmit serious diseases such as Lyme disease and Canine Ehrlichiosis. Daily tick checks are imperative to ensure early detection and removal of ticks before they have a chance to transmit harmful pathogens to your dog (ideally within the first few hours of the bite). For dogs with conditions like Canine Epilepsy, preventing tick bites is even more crucial as tick-borne illnesses can exacerbate their condition. Routine and Frequency of Tick Checks Make tick checks a part of your daily routine, especially during peak tick season, which typically spans from spring to autumn. Conduct thorough inspections after your dog's outdoor adventures, focusing on areas where ticks commonly attach, such as the ears, neck, underarms, and between the toes. You can read our guide on how to properly check your dogs for ticks here. Promptly removing any ticks you find is key to preventing tick-borne diseases. What Happens When You Find a Tick on Your Dog Discovering a tick on your dog can be alarming, but it's essential to remain calm and take immediate action. Avoid squeezing or crushing the tick, as this can release harmful bacteria into your dog's bloodstream. Instead, prepare to safely remove the tick using the proper technique. How to Safely Remove the Tick from Your Dog Properly removing a tick from your dog is crucial to prevent infection and ensure your pet's health. Here's a step-by-step guide on how to safely remove ticks, along with common mistakes to avoid: Here is a video of correct tick removal for your convenience. Step 1: Gather Your Supplies Before you begin, gather all the necessary supplies, including fine-tipped tweezers, gloves, antiseptic solution, and a container for disposing of the tick. If you do not have gloves or antiseptic spray, it is ok, just make sure you have somewhere safe to dispose of the tick (a paper towel will do!) or kill it so it does not get out and attach onto another nearby host. Avoid applying substances such as petroleum jelly, nail polish, or alcohol to the tick before removal. These methods are ineffective and may actually stimulate the tick to release more saliva, increasing the risk of disease transmission. Step 2: Use Pointed Tweezers Using pointed tweezers, grasp the tick as close to your dog's skin as possible. This is to try and get the delicate head and teeth out of your dog. Make sure you grasp onto the head of the tick, not the body of it, as the head an easily separate from the body and remain lodged into your dog’s skin. If possible, avoid using your fingers or blunt tweezers, as this may cause the tick to release more saliva, increasing the risk of disease transmission. Step 3: Avoid Squeezing or Crushing One common mistake is squeezing or crushing the tick's body during removal. This can cause the tick to regurgitate its stomach contents into your dog's bloodstream, increasing the risk of disease transmission. Instead, grasp the tick firmly but gently with the tweezers and pull straight out with steady pressure. With gentle, steady pressure, pull the tick straight out, avoiding twisting or jerking motions. Step 4: Pull Straight Out Another mistake is twisting or jerking the tick during removal. This can cause the tick's mouthparts to break off and remain embedded in your dog's skin, increasing the risk of infection. Instead, pull the tick straight out with a slow, steady motion. Be patient and persistent, ensuring that you remove the entire tick, including its mouthparts. Those of you based in the U.K. will likely have been shown the tick twisters by your vet. With the right equipment this can be a safe option but if not please refrain from twisting if using a tweezer or other equipment, as the head can be broken off risking further issues. Step 5: Dispose of the Tick Properly After removing the tick, place it in a container with rubbing alcohol to kill it. Alternatively, flush the tick down the toilet or seal it in a plastic bag before disposing of it in the trash. You can also crush the tick in a safe barrier such as a paper towel or plastic bag. Avoid crushing the tick with your fingers, as this can release bacteria into your direct environment. Step 6: Clean the Area Clean the area where the tick was attached with antiseptic solution to prevent infection. Keep an eye on the area for any signs of irritation or infection, such as redness, swelling, or discharge. If you notice any abnormalities, consult your veterinarian for further advice. Step 7: Monitor Your Dog Monitor your dog for any signs of illness in the days following tick removal, such as fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, or lameness. If you notice any of these symptoms, seek veterinary attention immediately, as they could indicate the presence of a tick-borne disease. What to Do If You Don't Have Tweezers Nearby? Method 1: Tick Removal Tool If you have a tick removal tool, such as a tick hook or tick twister, use it according to the manufacturer's instructions. These tools are designed specifically for safe tick removal and can be effective even if you don't have tweezers on hand. Method 2: Use Your Fingers (With Caution) If you don't have any tools available, you can use your fingers to remove the tick, but proceed with caution. Wash your hands thoroughly and then use your fingers to grasp the tick as close to your dog's skin as possible. Pull straight out with steady pressure, being careful not to squeeze or crush the tick's body. Method 3: Seek Assistance If you're unable to remove the tick yourself or don't feel comfortable doing so, seek assistance from someone who can help. This could be a friend, family member, or even a nearby stranger who may have tweezers or a tick removal tool available. Method 4: Visit a Vet Clinic If you're unable to remove the tick and don't have access to assistance, consider visiting a vet clinic as soon as possible. Veterinarians have the necessary tools and expertise to safely remove ticks and provide appropriate treatment for your dog if needed. How to Know 100% of the Tick is Removed After removing the tick, inspect the area to ensure that no parts of the tick remain embedded in your dog's skin. Clean the area with antiseptic and keep an eye on it for any signs of infection or irritation. If you have any concerns, consult your veterinarian for further advice. The Importance of Removing a Tick Early Early removal of ticks is paramount to prevent the transmission of tick-borne diseases. The longer a tick remains attached to your dog, the greater the risk of disease transmission. This is especially important if you're using natural tick repellents, as they may not offer the same level of protection as chemical-based products. Conclusion Properly removing ticks from your dog is a crucial skill for every pet owner, especially during tick season. By conducting routine tick checks, knowing how to safely remove ticks, and understanding the importance of early removal, you can help protect your dog from tick-borne diseases and keep them healthy and happy.

As the warmer weather approaches, so does tick season. It's essential to keep your doggy safe from these pesky critters, especially if your dog has conditions like Canine Epilepsy. In this guide, we'll walk you through the importance of regular tick checks and the proper techniques to keep your pup tick-free and healthy. Why Tick Checks Are Crucial for Dog Health Ticks are more than just a nuisance; they can transmit diseases such as Lyme disease and Canine Ehrlichiosis, which can pose serious risks to your dog's health. For dogs with conditions like Canine Epilepsy, preventing tick bites is even more critical as tick-borne illnesses can exacerbate their condition. Regular tick checks can help identify and remove ticks within the first 24h before they have a chance to transmit any harmful pathogens. Routine and Frequency of Tick Checks Make tick checks a routine part of your dog's day, especially during peak tick season, which typically spans from spring to autumn. Get in the routine of daily tick checks, particularly if your dog spends a lot of time outdoors in grassy or wooded areas. Additionally, give your dog a thorough inspection after each outdoor adventure, whether it's a walk in the park or a hike in the countryside. Routine tick checks can also be a great bonding time for you and your dog, as the process involves a lot of pets, cuddles, and scratches! Best Technique for Checking Your Dog for Ticks When checking your dog for ticks, start by running your hands over their entire body, paying close attention to areas where ticks are commonly found, such as the ears, neck, underarms, and between the toes. Use your fingertips to feel for any small bumps or lumps, as ticks can sometimes be difficult to spot, especially in dogs with thick fur. Be sure to check closely around the head, as ticks are often attracted to warm, moist areas. Make sure to check inside the ears and gum lines, around the eyes and toes, as well as under the collar and chin for ticks. Step-by-Step Guide: How to Check Your Dog for Ticks Checking your dog for ticks should be a regular part of your grooming routine, especially during tick season. Follow these steps to ensure thorough tick checks: You can watch this video here for a bit of guidance on best practices for tick checks. Step 1: Prepare Your Dog and Area Before you begin, find a comfortable and well-lit area to examine your dog. Lighting is important as it helps you assess any lumps and bumps you feel during the tick check. Have a treat handy to reward them for their cooperation during the check. Ideally, make sure you have a tweezer and somewhere to dispose of the tick nearby in case you find any unwanted pests on your dog. Step 2: Start at the Tip of the Nose Begin by gently running your hands over your dog's head, paying close attention to areas where ticks are commonly found. Do a thorough check inside the ears, around the eyes and eyelids. Run your fingers along the gum line for any signs of ticks.Scratch their head and under their chin. Step 3: Move to the Neck and Collar Area Continue your inspection by examining your dog's neck and collar area. Ticks are often attracted to warm, moist areas, so be sure to check under the collar and around the chin for any ticks hiding in the fur–this is one of their favourite places to hang out. Push the fur back as you’re scratching to see as much as you can down to the skin. Stop and check any lump or bump you feel on your dog’s body to make sure it is not a tick. Step 4: Check the Body Next, run your hands over your dog's entire body, feeling for any small bumps or lumps that may indicate the presence of a tick. Pay particular attention to areas such as the underarms, groin, and between the toes, where ticks are more likely to attach. Ticks love warm and moist areas, so these folds of skin between the arms and body, toes, and crotch are common places for Ticks to hide out. Step 5: Part the Fur For dogs with thick fur, it may be challenging to spot ticks visually. Use your fingertips to gently part the fur and inspect the skin underneath. Look for any unusual bumps or dark spots that could be ticks. If you find a bump on your dog, try to pull back the fur in good lighting to see if it is a tick, or just a little mole on your dog’s body. Step 6: Check the Legs and Tail Continue your inspection down your dog's legs and along the tail, feeling for any signs of ticks as you go. Ticks can attach themselves anywhere on the body, so be thorough in your examination. Step 7: Complete the Check Once you have examined your dog's entire body, go back and double-check any areas where ticks are commonly found, such as the ears, neck, and underarms. Take your time and be meticulous in your inspection to ensure no ticks are missed. Step 8: Reward Your Dog After completing the tick check, be sure to reward your dog with praise and a treat for their cooperation. This positive reinforcement will help make future tick checks a more enjoyable experience for both of you. Step 9: Record Your Findings If you discover any ticks during the check, record their location and size. This information can be helpful for monitoring your dog's health and informing your veterinarian if necessary. Then follow our guide here for safely removing ticks from your dog. By following these steps and conducting regular tick checks, you can help keep your dog safe from tick-borne diseases and ensure their continued health and well-being. Keeping Your Dog Still During Tick Checks You might be worried about keeping your dog still during tick checks. especially if they're squirmy or anxious. Remember, most of the tick check should feel like a nice cuddle and rub, as you scratch them and pet them all over searching for those tiny pests! Try to make the experience as pleasant as possible by offering treats, praise, cuddles and scratches to reward calm behaviour. If necessary, enlist the help of a friend or family member to hold your dog steady while you perform the inspection. Patience and gentle handling are key to ensuring a successful tick check. Using Natural Tick Repellents For pet parents who prefer natural alternatives, there are various options available for repelling ticks. Essential oils such as cedarwood, eucalyptus, and lavender have been known to have tick-repelling properties. Additionally, products containing ingredients like neem oil or diatomaceous earth can help deter ticks without the use of harsh chemicals. While natural tick repellents can be effective, it's essential to remember that they may not offer the same level of protection as traditional chemical-based products. Therefore, if you choose to use natural repellents, you should be even more diligent with your tick checks. Natural repellents may need to be reapplied more frequently, especially after swimming or exposure to rain. Why Diligent Tick Checks Are Crucial with Natural Repellents Even with chemical repellents, routine tick checks are recommended as no repellent is 100% effective. Similarly, natural tick repellents provide a layer of protection against ticks, but they are not bulletproof. Ticks can still latch onto your dog despite the use of repellents, particularly in areas with high tick populations. Therefore, it's essential to conduct thorough tick checks on your dog, even if you're using natural repellents. Regular tick checks can help you catch any ticks that may have managed to bypass the repellent and attach themselves to your dog's skin. By promptly removing any ticks you find, you can reduce the risk of tick-borne diseases and keep your canine companion healthy and happy. Conclusion While natural tick repellents can be a safer alternative for some pet owners, they require extra diligence when it comes to tick prevention. By combining natural repellents with regular tick checks, you can provide your dog with comprehensive protection against ticks and the diseases they carry. Remember to always choose products that are safe and effective for your pet, and consult with your veterinarian if you have any concerns.

Can Ticks Cause Seizures in Dogs? Ticks are not just pesky insects; they can transmit a range of diseases that pose serious risks to our dogs as well as ourselves. In this guide, we'll explore the potential link between ticks and seizures in dogs, as well as strategies for prevention and protection. My Dog has Epilepsy: Can a Tick Bite Cause a Seizure? For dog owners whose pets suffer from epilepsy, the question of whether a tick bite can trigger a seizure is a valid concern. If your dog has epilepsy and gets a tick bite, it's understandable to be concerned about the potential impact of the bite on their seizure activity. While tick bites themselves are unlikely to directly trigger seizures in dogs with epilepsy, there are several factors to consider in this scenario. Tick-Borne Diseases: The primary concern with tick bites in dogs with epilepsy is the potential transmission of tick-borne diseases. Tick-borne illnesses such as Lyme disease, babesiosis, and ehrlichiosis can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, lethargy, joint pain, and in some cases, neurological complications. While there is limited research on this specific topic, anecdotal evidence suggests that certain tick-borne diseases may contribute to seizures in dogs, particularly those with pre-existing neurological conditions. If your dog with epilepsy contracts a tick-borne disease, it could exacerbate their existing seizure disorder or lead to additional health complications. Stress and Anxiety: The presence of a tick on your dog's body may cause stress or anxiety, which could potentially trigger a seizure in some dogs with epilepsy. Stress is recognized as a common trigger for seizures in epileptic dogs, so any situation that induces anxiety or discomfort may increase the risk of seizure activity. Reaction to Tick Removal: If your dog has a seizure disorder, it's essential to handle any medical procedures, including tick removal, with care. While the act of removing a tick is unlikely to directly cause a seizure, the stress or discomfort associated with the procedure could potentially trigger seizure activity in some dogs. It's important to approach tick removal gently and calmly to minimise stress and reduce the risk of triggering a seizure. The Threat of Tick-Borne Diseases Common tick species such as the deer tick (Ixodes scapularis) and the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) are known carriers of diseases that can lead to seizures in dogs. Ticks can transmit pathogens that affect the central nervous system, leading to inflammation and neurological symptoms. In some cases, this inflammation may trigger seizures in susceptible individuals, including dogs with epilepsy. However, further studies are needed to fully understand the relationship between tick-borne diseases and seizures in dogs. Tick borne diseases are why it is critical to have a diligent routine of tick checks for your dogs and yourselves during tick season. You can learn more about how to conduct a thorough daily tick check here. Some of the most common tick-borne diseases in dogs include: 1. Lyme Disease Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted to dogs through the bite of infected ticks. Symptoms can vary but may include lameness, joint pain, fever, and lethargy. Early detection and treatment are essential for preventing long-term complications. 2. Babesiosis Babesiosis is a potentially life-threatening disease caused by protozoan parasites transmitted by ticks. Symptoms include fever, lethargy, pale gums, and in severe cases, organ failure. Treatment typically involves a combination of antiprotozoal medications and supportive care. 3. Ehrlichiosis Ehrlichiosis is caused by several species of bacteria within the genus Ehrlichia, transmitted primarily by the brown dog tick and the lone star tick. Symptoms can vary depending on the stage of infection but may include fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, and bleeding disorders. 4. Tick Paralysis Tick paralysis is caused by toxins released by certain species of ticks as they feed on a host. Symptoms include weakness, difficulty breathing, and in severe cases, paralysis. Prompt removal of the tick is crucial for preventing further progression of the paralysis. 5. Anaplasmosis Anaplasmosis is caused by the bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum and is transmitted to dogs through the bite of infected ticks, primarily the black-legged tick and the western black-legged tick. Symptoms may include fever, joint pain, lethargy, and decreased appetite. 6. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is caused by the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii and is transmitted primarily by the American dog tick, the Rocky Mountain wood tick, and the brown dog tick. Symptoms can include fever, lethargy, joint pain, vomiting, and neurological signs. 7. Hepatozoonosis Hepatozoonosis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Hepatozoon, transmitted to dogs through the ingestion of infected ticks. Symptoms may include fever, muscle pain, weight loss, and lethargy. Severe cases can lead to muscle wasting and joint deformities. Preventing Tick-Borne Illnesses Prevention is key when it comes to protecting your dog from tick-borne diseases and potential seizure triggers. Here are some tips to help minimise the risk: 1. Use Tick Prevention Products Regular use of tick prevention products such as spot-on treatments, collars, and oral medications can help repel ticks and prevent them from attaching to your dog. Natural alternatives exist and can be used to aid in the prevention of ticks. 2. Conduct Regular Tick Checks Perform thorough tick checks on your dog after outdoor activities, paying close attention to areas where ticks are commonly found, such as the ears, neck, and underarms. Promptly remove any ticks you find using fine-tipped tweezers or a tick removal tool. Get into the habit of performing daily tick checks on your dog. Find out best practices for tick checks from our article here. Learn how to safely remove a tick from our article here. 3. Maintain a Tick-Free Environment Keep your yard tidy by regularly mowing the lawn, removing leaf litter, and trimming overgrown vegetation. Consider using landscaping techniques to create a tick barrier around your property, such as gravel or wood chip mulch. 4. Consult Your Veterinarian Talk to your veterinarian about the prevalence of tick-borne diseases in your area and the most effective prevention methods for your dog. Your vet can recommend specific products and provide guidance on vaccination protocols where applicable. Prevalence of Tick-Borne Diseases in Different Regions The prevalence of tick-borne diseases can vary depending on geographical location and environmental factors. Certain regions may have a higher incidence of specific tick-borne illnesses, so it's essential to be aware of the risks in your area and take appropriate precautions. Conclusion: Practice Good Tick Prevention Techniques In summary, while the direct link between tick bites and seizures in dogs is still being researched, it's crucial for dog owners to remain vigilant in protecting their pets from tick-borne diseases. Check out our blog on how to perform best practices for tick checks and tick removal . implementing preventative measures and staying informed about the risks, you can help keep your canine companion safe and healthy.

Wild Game and Fish Based Diets - a Potential Risk For Your Dog? Are you considering switching your dog to a wild game or fish-based diet? While these options may seem natural and healthy, it’s essential to be aware of potential risks of wild fish and game based diets associated with heavy metal exposure, particularly lead and mercury. In this blog post, we'll explore the potential dangers of lead and mercury intoxication in dogs, their link to wild fish and game diets, how they can trigger seizures, and what you can do to keep your canine companion safe and healthy. Lead Intoxication in Dogs Lead poisoning in dogs can occur through various sources, including contaminated food, water, or environments. Research by Rosendahl (2024) suggests that trace elements and toxic metals, such as lead, could play a role in canine idiopathic epilepsy, raising concerns about the impact of lead exposure on your dog's health. Lead and Seizures: A Potential Trigger Studies like Arrieta et al. (2005) have shown that prolonged exposure to lead can lower the seizure threshold in rats, indicating a potential link between lead intoxication and seizure disorders. Liatis et al. (2019) reported a case where lead intoxication mimicked idiopathic epilepsy in a young dog, highlighting the importance of monitoring your pet's diet and environment for potential sources of lead contamination. For dogs, especially those prone to seizures, minimising exposure to lead is crucial to managing their condition and overall well-being. Lead Build Up and Wild Game If your dog consumes wild game, such as birds or deer, there is a high risk of lead exposure from lead ammunition fragments. Although the meat around the wound channel is often discarded, in the likely event that the lead bullets have impacted with the bones of the wild animal, the lead fragments can be scattered throughout the animal’s body (Iqbal et al. 2009). These fragments and the use of lead bullets to kill wild game thus leave traces of lead in the meat. Lead Build Up and Exposure in Dogs Unlike humans, dogs typically eat the same meal multiple times a day for months on end. This leads to a compounding effect of build up from whatever food-source the dog is eating. In the case of wild game based diets, this means a large risk of lead build up from the ammunition fragments used to kill the wild game. Rosendahl (2024) showed that dogs on game-based diets had lead concentrations that were over 2x higher that of dogs on a non game-based diet. Lead build up in your dog’s body can lead to various health issues, including neurological symptoms such as seizures. Brauer et al. (2011) found that metabolic and toxic causes, including heavy metal exposure, accounted for a significant number of canine seizure disorders, emphasising the need for proactive measures to reduce lead exposure in dogs. Mercury Intoxication in Dogs Similar to lead, mercury can accumulate in your dog's body over time, leading to adverse health effects. Mercury, particularly methylmercury found in certain fish species, poses a potential risk to canine health. Research by Yuan (2012) suggests that methylmercury exposure could contribute to epileptogenesis, raising concerns about the safety of feeding big wild fish to your dog. Mercury and Seizures: A Potential Trigger Continuous low-dose exposure to organic and inorganic mercury during development has been linked to epileptogenicity in rats (Szász et al., 2002). This indicates a potential correlation between mercury intoxication and seizure susceptibility, highlighting the importance of considering the mercury content in your dog's diet. Mercury Build Up From Big Wild Fish While fish is often considered a healthy protein source for dogs, certain species, particularly big wild fish like tuna and swordfish, may contain higher levels of mercury. Including these fish as a regular staple in your dog's diet could increase their risk of mercury exposure and associated health problems. If you would like to include fish as part of your dog’s diet, consider using fish such as salmon, which contain significantly lower mercury levels and risk factors. Conclusion While wild fish and game-based diets can provide nutritional benefits for your dog, it's crucial to be mindful of potential risks associated with heavy metal exposure, particularly lead and mercury. By staying informed, monitoring your dog's diet, and minimising exposure to contaminated sources, you can help safeguard your dog's health and well-being. References: Rosendahl, Sarah. "Trace Elements and Toxic Metals in Canine Idiopathic Epilepsy." (2024). Arrieta O, Palencia G, García-Arenas G, et al (2005) Prolonged Exposure to Lead Lowers the Threshold of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures in Rats. Epilepsia 46:1599–1602 Liatis T, Monti P, Latre AR, et al (2019) Lead intoxication mimicking idiopathic epilepsy in a young dog. Vet Rec Case Rep 7:e000703. Brauer, Christina, Melanie Jambroszyk, and Andrea Tipold. "Metabolic and toxic causes of canine seizure disorders: A retrospective study of 96 cases."  The Veterinary Journal  187.2 (2011): 272-275. Balali-Mood, Mahdi, and Mahmood Sadeghi. "Toxic mechanisms of five heavy metals: mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, and arsenic."  Frontiers in pharmacology  12 (2021): 643972. Sires RA, Fascetti AJ, Puschner B, Larsen JA (2019) Determination of Total Mercury and Methylmercury Concentrations in Commercial Canine Diets. Top Companion Anim Med 35:6–10 Szász, András, et al. "Effects of continuous low-dose exposure to organic and inorganic mercury during development on epileptogenicity in rats."  Neurotoxicology  23.2 (2002): 197-206. Yuan, Yukun. "Methylmercury: a potential environmental risk factor contributing to epileptogenesis."  Neurotoxicology  33.1 (2012): 119-126.

Dr. Natascha Hedegaard BVetMed MRCVS graduated as a veterinary surgeon from the Royal Veterinary College, London, in 2018. She is passionate about optimising canine health with a holistic approach to veterinary medicine and consideration for the individual patient .She is currently undertaking her Postgraduate Certificate in Small Animal Medicine with an aim to becoming an Advanced Practitioner. Introduction Discovering that your dog needs medication to manage seizures can be daunting. However, with the right information and support, you can navigate this journey with more confidence. In this guide, we'll explore what potassium bromide is, when it's used, how to start your dog on it, and what to expect along the way. Understanding Potassium Bromide: Potassium bromide is a medication commonly prescribed by veterinarians to manage seizures in dogs when the initial medications haven't sufficed on their own. It belongs to a class of drugs known as anticonvulsants, which means it helps control or prevent seizures. Seizures in dogs can be caused by various factors, including epilepsy, brain tumours, or metabolic disorders. Potassium bromide works by stabilising electrical activity in the brain, reducing the likelihood of seizures occurring. Possible Veterinary brand names you may come across include Epilease, K-Bro Vet, Libromide and Vetbromide. It comes in tablet, capsule and liquid form. Oral administration is tolerated well by most dogs. Some capsule formulations can be sprinkled on food so please check this with your veterinarian. Potassium Bromide is not recommended for dogs who have a history of or a predisposition for the development of pancreatitis and should be used with caution in dogs with kidney problems. If your dog is dehydrated or has diarrhoea this can affect the uptake of the drug. Starting Your Dog on Potassium Bromide: If your veterinarian has recommended potassium bromide for your dog, the first step is to schedule a consultation to discuss the treatment plan. Your vet will take into account your dog's medical history, current health status, and any other medications they may be taking. It's essential to follow your vet's instructions closely to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the treatment. Here's what to expect when starting your dog on potassium bromide: Initial Evaluation: Your vet will conduct a thorough physical examination and may recommend additional tests, such as blood work or imaging, to assess your dog's overall health and the severity of their condition. Prescription and Dosage: Based on the evaluation, your vet will prescribe the appropriate starting dosage of potassium bromide for your dog. This dosage may need to be adjusted over time based on your dog's response to the medication. Gradual Introduction: Potassium bromide is typically introduced gradually to minimise side effects and allow your dog's body to adjust to the medication. Your vet will provide specific instructions on how to administer the medication, which is usually given orally. Loading Dose: Potassium Bromide usually takes a minimum of 3 weeks to reach the therapeutic range and up to 3-4 months to achieve steady state concentrations in the blood due to the long half life of this drug, therefore persistence is key. In certain cases, dogs will be given a high loading dose in order to reach therapeutic levels in their bloodstream more rapidly but this will likely be associated with more adverse effects (particularly sedation and wobbliness) being seen in your pet. Please discuss these with your vet and ensure that you understand the dose that is being chosen in your dog's case. Monitoring: Throughout the treatment process, your vet will monitor your dog closely for any signs of improvement or side effects. It's essential to keep track of your dog's seizures and report any changes or concerns to your vet promptly. Regular blood tests will likely be recommended in order to monitor the levels of Potassium Bromide (KBr) in their blood and overall health while on these medications. Lifestyle Adjustments: In addition to medication, your vet may recommend lifestyle adjustments to help manage your dog's condition, such as changes to their diet or exercise routine. High levels of dietary salt increase the elimination of KBr via the kidneys therefore a low salt diet is recommended and it is essential that the diet remain consistent from the point of starting this medication. Potential Side Effects: Every dog responds differently to medication, so it's essential to be patient and observant during the treatment process. Some dogs may experience the following side effects from Potassium Bromide. If you have any concerns at all about your dog's response to potassium bromide, don't hesitate to reach out to your vet for guidance. Some degree of wobbliness and sedation are to be expected with loading doses of KBr but please always check with your vet whether any adverse effects you are seeing are fine to monitor or require intervention. It is good practice to note down and monitor the effects of this medication on your dog so that you can report all of them to your vet in a clear and informative matter. Wobbliness or loss of balance: Your dog might have difficulty with balance or coordination, appearing unsteady on their feet. Sedation or drowsiness: Your dog may appear sleepy, less alert or less responsive than usual. Vomiting or nausea: Your dog might vomit or refuse to eat, showing signs of nausea or digestive upset. Increased thirst: Your dog may start drinking more water than usual, leading to more frequent trips to the water bowl or noticing you need to fill it up more frequently. More frequent urination: With increased water intake, your dog may need to urinate more often. This could also lead to accidents in the house if not managed properly. Increased appetite: Your dog might start eating more than usual, showing increased interest in food and possibly gaining weight. Lethargy or sluggishness: Your dog may appear more tired and less active than usual, showing signs of fatigue or even sleeping more. Skin reactions, such as rashes or itching: You might notice changes in your dog's skin like redness, rashes, or your dog might scratch more due to itchiness. Please report these to your vet as in humans, signs of chronic toxicity from this drug include skin rashes alongside gastrointestinal and neurological signs. Changes in behaviour: examples include as hyperactivity, restlessness, increased aggression or anxiety. Pancreatitis: Pancreatitis in dogs is an inflammation of the pancreas, which can disrupt digestion and cause severe discomfort. Common signs include loss of appetite, vomiting, abdominal pain, and lethargy. What Happens If I Accidentally Give An Overdose? If you accidentally double dose your dog please contact your veterinary surgeon or a Veterinary Poisons Information line immediately. Overdosage can produce brominism which can cause ataxia (wobbliness), depression, tremors, neurological problems and even coma. Due to the long half life of this medication, brominism can also occur in some dogs months after treatment. Signs of this can include: Muscular pain Proprioceptive deficits (not knowing where their feet are which can lead to knuckling and stumbling) Anisocoria (different sized pupils) Hyporeflexia Tips for Starting Your Dog on Potassium Bromide: Here are some tips to help ensure a smooth transition onto Potassium Bromide for your epileptic doggy: Follow Veterinary Instructions: Always follow your veterinarian's instructions regarding dosage, administration, and monitoring. They are the best resource for ensuring your dog's safety and well-being. Ensure your dog is receiving all their medications at the correct times and that you discuss with your veterinarian the potential interactions with other medications they may be on. Be Patient: It may take some time to find the optimal dosage of Potassium Bromide for your dog. Allow your veterinarian to make adjustments as needed to achieve effective seizure control. Monitor for Side Effects:  Keep an eye out for any potential side effects, such as lethargy, wobbliness, sedation, skin reactions, vomiting, increased appetite or thirst or behavioural changes and report them to your veterinarian promptly. Speak to Your Vet: Never stop the drug suddenly without consulting your vet first as abrupt cessation can precipitate seizures or even status epilepticus. It is important to advocate for your dog and establish a clear line of communication with your vet regarding you and your dog's experience with the drug so that you can work together to wean your dog off the drug if it does not suit your dog. Provide Comfort and Support: Starting medication can be stressful for your dog, so be sure to offer plenty of love, comfort, and reassurance during this time. If You Miss a Dose: Give the dose as soon as possible but do not give a double dose. Make sure the dose given does not exceed the total recommended dose in any 24-hour period. Disposing of Unused/Out of Date Medication: Dispose of any unused Potassium Bromide safely – do not flush down the toilet or sink. Ask your veterinary team if they take back medication for disposal. Do not save levetiracetam for future use or give to other pets. Conclusion: Starting your dog on potassium bromide can be a positive step towards managing their seizures and improving their quality of life. By working closely with your veterinarian and following their recommendations, you can help ensure a safe and effective treatment plan for your dog. Remember to be patient, stay informed, and provide plenty of love and support along the way. Your dog's health and happiness are worth it!

Epilepsy in dogs can be a challenging condition to manage, but with the right approach, you can help improve your furry friend's quality of life. One emerging option that has gained attention is the use of MCT oil as a supplementary treatment. MCT, or medium-chain triglycerides, is known for its potential benefits in managing seizures and supporting overall brain health in dogs with epilepsy. Understanding Canine Epilepsy Before delving into MCT oil dosage, it's crucial to grasp the basics of epilepsy in dogs. Canine epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterised by recurrent seizures. Please read our post on diagnosing epilepsy to see if your dog meets the criteria here . These seizures can vary in severity, frequency, and duration, making it essential for pet owners to work closely with their veterinarian to develop a comprehensive treatment plan. The Role of MCT Oil for Dogs with Epilepsy MCT oil is derived from medium-chain triglycerides, which are fats found in coconut oil and palm kernel oil. Unlike long-chain triglycerides, MCTs are quickly absorbed by the body and converted into ketones, which serve as a readily available source of energy for the brain. Determining the Right Dosage When incorporating MCT oil into your dog's epilepsy management plan, determining the appropriate dosage is key. Dosage requirements can vary based on factors such as your dog's weight, the severity of their epilepsy, and any other medications they may be taking. As a general guideline, it's advisable to start with a low dosage and gradually increase it while monitoring your dog's response. A typical starting dosage is around 0.5 millilitres per 5kg of body weight per day, divided into two servings. That means 0.25 millilitres per 5kg of body weight 2x a day, once in the morning and once in the evening. If your dog seems healthy without any stomach upset, then you can then increase the dose according to the table below. RER BASED OIL AMOUNT CALCULATIONS The body weight is used to calculate the resting energy requirement (RER) for each dog. Based on RER, the amount of the daily oil supplement calculated is listed in this table. The listed amount of oil must be administered twice daily. Monitoring Your Dog's Response Once you've established a dosage regimen, it's essential to closely monitor your dog's response to MCT oil. Keep track of any changes in seizure frequency, duration, or intensity, as well as any potential side effects such as gastrointestinal upset. Make sure to monitor your dog's digestive system to look out for any signs of stomach upset such as loose stools or vomiting; as this is the most apparent sign of the MCT oil dosage being too high or not agreeing with your dog's body. Conclusion: Coconut Oil Dosage for Dogs with Epilepsy In conclusion, while MCT oil shows promise as a supplementary treatment for canine epilepsy, it's crucial to approach its use with caution and under the guidance of a veterinarian. By understanding the role of MCT oil, determining the right dosage, and closely monitoring your dog's response, you can help support their overall health and well-being. Remember, every dog is unique, and what works for one may not work for another. Always prioritise your dog's safety and well-being, and consult with your veterinarian before making any changes to their treatment plan. References: Berk, Benjamin A., et al. "A multicenter randomized controlled trial of medium‐chain triglyceride dietary supplementation on epilepsy in dogs." Journal of veterinary internal medicine  34.3 (2020): 1248-1259. Law, Tsz Hong, et al. "A randomised trial of a medium-chain TAG diet as treatment for dogs with idiopathic epilepsy." British Journal of Nutrition  114.9 (2015): 1438-1447. Patterson, Edward E. "Canine epilepsy: an underutilized model." ILAR journal  55.1 (2014): 182-186. Potschka, Heidrun, et al. "International veterinary epilepsy task force consensus proposal: outcome of therapeutic interventions in canine and feline epilepsy." BMC Veterinary Research  11 (2015): 1-13. Löscher, Wolfgang. "Dogs as a natural animal model of epilepsy." Frontiers in veterinary science  9 (2022): 928009.

Dr. Natascha Hedegaard BVetMed MRCVS graduated as a veterinary surgeon from the Royal Veterinary College, London, in 2018. She is passionate about optimising canine health with a holistic approach to veterinary medicine and consideration for the individual patient .She is currently undertaking her Postgraduate Certificate in Small Animal Medicine with an aim to becoming an Advanced Practitioner. Introduction If your dog has been diagnosed with epilepsy, your veterinarian may prescribe potassium bromide (KBr) as part of their treatment plan. Potassium bromide is a medication commonly used to manage seizures in dogs, particularly when other anti-epileptic drugs haven’t provided sufficient control on their own. While potassium bromide can be effective in reducing seizure frequency, it’s essential to monitor your dog closely to ensure their safety and well-being. In this guide, we’ll explore everything you need to know about monitoring your dog on potassium bromide. Understanding Potassium Bromide Potassium bromide works by stabilising electrical activity in the brain, which helps reduce the frequency and severity of seizures in dogs with epilepsy. It is typically administered orally, either in tablet or liquid form, and is often prescribed alongside other anti-seizure medications. Monitoring Your Dog’s Response Once your dog starts taking potassium bromide, it’s crucial to monitor their response to the medication closely. Here are some key aspects to keep an eye on: Seizure Frequency: Keep a seizure diary to track the frequency and severity of your dog’s seizures. Note any changes in seizure activity after starting potassium bromide, as it may take some time for the medication to reach therapeutic levels in your dog’s system. Behavioural Changes: Pay attention to any changes in your dog’s behaviour or demeanour. While potassium bromide generally is deemed a good course of action for seizure control, behavioural changes such as irritability and restlessness have been reported in some dogs. If you notice any significant changes in behaviour, such as lethargy, disorientation, anxiety, or aggression consult your veterinarian. Adverse Side Effects: although some side effects can be normal in the first few days adjusting to a new course of medicine, keep an eye out and a careful log of any side effects you witness with the drug. some dogs may experience mild sedation, wobbliness, skin reactions (usually only in dogs who have known skin problems) or gastrointestinal upset initially (vomiting). Increases in appetite and thirst have also been reported along with pancreatitis. You can learn more about different side effects that can occur in our blog post on starting your dog on potassium bromide. Blood Monitoring: Your veterinarian will likely recommend periodic blood tests to monitor potassium bromide levels in the bloodstream to ensure they remain within a safe range. Blood levels of bromide will be measured regularly, more often at first, and then likely every 3-6 months once your pet is on a maintenance dose. Other biochemistry parameters are also likely to be monitored to ensure your dog's overall health remains stable while on these long term medications. Other Medications: If your dog is taking other medications alongside potassium bromide, such as phenobarbital or other anti-seizure drugs, monitor for potential interactions or adverse effects. Your veterinarian will advise on the appropriate dosage and timing of medications to minimise the risk of complications. Dietary Considerations: Potassium bromide absorption can be affected by dietary factors, particularly high-salt diets. Your veterinarian may recommend a consistent diet and a reduction in salt intake to optimise the effectiveness and safety of the medication. When to Contact Your Veterinarian While potassium bromide is generally well-tolerated in dogs, there are certain situations where you should contact your veterinarian: Seizure Worsening: If your dog experiences an increase in seizure frequency or severity after starting potassium bromide, notify your veterinarian immediately. You should also take note if there seems to be no change in seizure frequency or severity while using potassium bromide and report this to your vet. Significant Behavioural Changes: If your dog exhibits profound lethargy, weakness, aggression, anxiety or other concerning behavioural changes, seek veterinary advice promptly. Persistent Side Effects: While mild side effects such as mild sedation or gastrointestinal upset are common initially, persistent or severe side effects warrant veterinary evaluation. Keep a clear log of the side effects experienced along with descriptions, dates, times, and severity of these side effects to better help you and your vet determine if potassium bromide is the best option for your dog. Missed Doses: If you accidentally miss a dose of potassium bromide, contact your veterinarian for guidance on how to proceed. It’s essential to maintain consistent medication levels in your dog’s system to prevent breakthrough seizures. Conclusion Monitoring your dog on potassium bromide is essential for ensuring their safety and optimising treatment outcomes. By keeping a close eye on seizure activity, behavioural changes, blood monitoring, and other factors, you can work collaboratively with your veterinarian to provide the best possible care for your canine companion. If you have any concerns or questions about your dog’s medication regimen, don’t hesitate to reach out to your veterinarian for guidance and support.

In recent years, the field of neurogastroenterology (the study of the brain-gut connection) has captivated researchers, shedding light on the intricate interplay between the gut microbiome and brain function. Evidence suggests that the gut microbiota could play a pivotal role in epilepsy and the behavioural challenges that come with the disease. The Behavioural Puzzle of Canine Epilepsy Canine epilepsy is a condition characterised not only by seizures but also by a myriad of behavioural challenges. Dogs with epilepsy often grapple with issues like anxiety, aggression, and fear responses, complicating their management and affecting their quality of life. Recent studies have uncovered intriguing links between the gut microbiome and these behavioural comorbidities. What is the Gut Microbiome? The gut microbiome refers to the diverse community of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microbes, that reside in the gastrointestinal tract, particularly the colon. These microorganisms are crucial in various physiological functions, including digestion, metabolism, immune system regulation, and even neurological processes. Given its broad impact on multiple aspects of health, maintaining a balanced and diverse gut microbiome is essential. Lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, stress management, and antibiotic use can significantly influence the composition and function of the gut microbiome. Understanding and nurturing a healthy gut microbiome is increasingly recognised as a key strategy for promoting overall health and preventing disease. Understanding the Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis The microbiome-gut-brain axis serves as a regulatory pathway connecting the gut microbiota with various physiological processes in the brain. Signalling pathways involving the vagus nerve, the cardiovascular system, and the immune system facilitate bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain, meaning that the gut and brain are in constant dialogue with one another. The Gut Microbiome: Happy Tummy = Happy Doggy Dysbiosis, an imbalance in the gut microbiome, has been linked to aggression and fear behaviours in dogs, such as anxiety, territoriality, possession, clinginess, destruction, and other similar behaviours. Research suggests that the alterations in the microbiome potentially influence the production of neuroactive metabolites that modulate behaviour. This imbalance in the gut microbiome can disrupt the delicate harmony of the microbiome-gut-brain axis, leading to alterations in neurotransmitter synthesis and metabolism. Specifically, dysbiosis has been associated with changes in the production of neurotransmitters like serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which play crucial roles in regulating mood and behavior. This connection has been reaffirmed in research within other mammal species. Manipulating the gut microbiome in rodents has demonstrated significant behavioural changes, underscoring the impact of the microbiome on neurological function. In humans, the complex network of communication between the gut microbiota and the brain has proven to play a significant role in mental health disorders such as schizophrenia, autism, and depression. Probiotics and Canine Epilepsy: Following the Gut-Brain Axis For owners of epileptic dogs, understanding the pivotal roles of serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is crucial. These neurotransmitters are intricately involved in regulating seizure thresholds and modulating the frequency and intensity of seizures. By influencing the balance of these neurotransmitters, interventions targeting the gut microbiome, such as probiotics and dietary strategies, may offer new avenues for improving seizure management and enhancing the quality of life for dogs with epilepsy. This connection is further seen in recent research looking at the connection between the gut microbiome and epilepsy in dogs. Studies have identified alterations in the faecal microbiome of dogs with epilepsy, including changes in the abundance of specific bacteria associated with neurotransmitter synthesis and metabolism. These alterations may contribute to seizure susceptibility and pharmacoresistance (when medicines don’t work to solve the problem) in affected dogs. The Role of Probiotics in Seizure Management for Epileptic Dogs Probiotics, live microorganisms that confer health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts, have emerged as a promising avenue for canine epilepsy management. Studies have shown that certain probiotic strains, such as bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, may act as protective factors against seizures by modulating neurotransmitter synthesis and metabolism. In both humans and dogs, probiotic supplementation has been associated with a reduction in seizure frequency and an improvement in quality of life. The Role of Probiotics in Behavioural Changes in Dogs with Epilepsy Moreover, research suggests that probiotics may not only aid in reducing seizure frequency but also in mitigating the negative behaviour changes often associated with epilepsy. Probiotic supplementation has been shown to positively influence mood and behaviour in dogs and humans alike. By restoring a healthy balance to the gut microbiome, probiotics can help regulate the neurochemical imbalances that contribute to behavioural abnormalities in epileptic dogs, thereby improving their overall well-being and quality of life. The Role of Probiotics in Helping Drug Efficacy for Epileptic Dogs Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests that probiotics may play a role in enhancing the absorption and efficacy of medications used to manage epilepsy. The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in drug metabolism, influencing how medications are absorbed, metabolized, and utilized by the body. By promoting a healthy gut environment, probiotics can optimize the absorption of antiepileptic drugs, potentially enhancing their therapeutic effects and improving seizure control in dogs with epilepsy. This synergistic effect between probiotics and antiepileptic medications underscores the importance of gut health in maximizing treatment outcomes for epileptic dogs. Dietary Interventions and Gut Health: A Second Channel of Support for your Epileptic Dog Dietary interventions such as medium-chain triglyceride (MCT)-enriched diets and ketogenic diets, have shown promise in reducing seizure frequency and improving seizure control in dogs with epilepsy [9]. These diets provide alternative energy sources for the brain and offer antioxidative properties, potentially modulating the gut microbiome in the process. In addition to their role in brain function, recent studies have shown how keto diets and MCT-enriched diets actually alter the composition and function of the gut microbiome, potentially adding a second layer of how they work to help reduce seizure frequency and severity in epileptic dogs and humans alike. This change to the gut-microbiome has also been shown to enhance the effectiveness of anti-seizure medications and overcome pharmacoresistance. Conclusion The gut-brain axis represents a promising frontier in epilepsy research, offering insights into potential treatment avenues for dogs battling seizures. Probiotics and dietary interventions hold the key to modulating the gut microbiome and improving seizure management, offering new hope for both dogs and their owners. As we delve deeper into the intricate relationship between the gut microbiome and epilepsy, personalised therapeutic approaches targeting the microbiome may revolutionise epilepsy treatment in the future. References: Muñana, Karen R., Megan E. Jacob, and Benjamin J. Callahan. "Evaluation of fecal Lactobacillus populations in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy: a pilot study."  Animal microbiome  2 (2020): 1-10. Peng, Anjiao, et al. "Altered composition of the gut microbiome in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy."  Epilepsy research  147 (2018): 102-107 McGowan, Ragen TS, et al. "Tapping into those ‘gut feelings’: Impact of BL999 (Bifidobacterium longum) on anxiety in dogs."  Veterinary Behavior Symposium Proceedings, Denver, CO . 2018 Savignac, H. M., et al. "Bifidobacteria exert strain‐specific effects on stress‐related behavior and physiology in BALB/c mice."  Neurogastroenterology & Motility  26.11 (2014): 1615-1627. Bravo, Javier A., et al. "Ingestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve."  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  108.38 (2011): 16050-16055 Watanangura, Antja, et al. "The effect of phenobarbital treatment on behavioral comorbidities and on the composition and function of the fecal microbiome in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy."  Frontiers in veterinary science  9 (2022): 933905 GARCÍA-BELENGUER, S., GRASA, L., VALERO, O., PALACIO, J., LUÑO, I. & ROSADO, B. 2021. Gut Microbiota in Canine Idiopathic Epilepsy: Effects of Disease and Treatment. Animals (Basel), 11. Medel‐Matus, Jesús‐Servando, et al. "Facilitation of kindling epileptogenesis by chronic stress may be mediated by intestinal microbiome."  Epilepsia Open  3.2 (2018): 290-294. Dahlin, Maria, and Stefanie Prast-Nielsen. "The gut microbiome and epilepsy."  EBioMedicine  44 (2019): 741-746. Foster, Jane A., and Karen-Anne McVey Neufeld. "Gut–brain axis: how the microbiome influences anxiety and depression."  Trends in neurosciences  36.5 (2013): 305-312. Mondo, E., et al. "Gut microbiome structure and adrenocortical activity in dogs with aggressive and phobic behavioral disorders."  Heliyon  6.1 (2020). Shaikh, Mohd, et al. "The gut-brain-axis on the manifestation of depressive symptoms in epilepsy: an evidence-driven hypothesis."  Frontiers in pharmacology  11 (2020): 508485.

In recent years, pet owners have increasingly turned to alternative treatments like MCT oil and CBD oil to manage conditions such as canine epilepsy. But what sets these oils apart, and can they be used together? Let's delve into the details to help you make an informed decision for your dog. Understanding Canine Epilepsy Before we get into the specifics of MCT oil and CBD oil, let's briefly touch on canine epilepsy. Dogs with epilepsy experience recurring seizures, which can range from mild to severe and may have various triggers. Managing this condition often involves a combination of medication, lifestyle adjustments, and, sometimes, complementary therapies like dietary supplements. What is MCT Oil? MCT, or medium-chain triglyceride, oil is derived from coconut oil. Unlike long-chain fatty acids found in many foods, MCTs are metabolized quickly by the body and are believed to offer a range of health benefits, including improved cognitive function and energy levels. How is MCT Oil Used for Dogs with Seizures? One key benefit of MCT oil for epileptic dogs is its potential to provide a readily available source of energy to the brain. This can be particularly beneficial during and after seizures when the brain's energy demands are heightened. Additionally, studies show that MCT oil can reduce the frequency and severity of seizures in epileptic dogs. What is CBD Oil? CBD, or cannabidiol, oil is derived from the hemp plant and is known for its potential therapeutic effects. Unlike THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), CBD is non-psychoactive, meaning it doesn't cause a "high" sensation. Instead, it interacts with the body's endocannabinoid system to promote balance and wellness. How is CBD Oil Used for Dogs with Seizures? CBD oil has gained popularity as a natural remedy for various ailments in dogs, including epilepsy. Its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties may help reduce seizure activity and improve overall neurological function in epileptic dogs. Many pet owners report seeing positive results after incorporating CBD oil into their pet's daily regimen. Can You Use MCT Oil and CBD Oil Together? Yes, you can use MCT oil and CBD oil together for dogs with epilepsy, as they work through different mechanisms and may offer complementary benefits. However, it's essential to consult with your veterinarian before introducing any new supplements or treatments to your pet's routine. Your vet can provide personalised guidance based on your dog's individual needs and health status.    Conclusion: What is the Difference Between MCT Oil and CBD Oil for Epileptic Dogs? While both MCT oil and CBD oil show promise as natural remedies for canine epilepsy, it's essential to approach their use with caution and under the guidance of a veterinary professional. By understanding the differences between these two supplements and how they can be used in conjunction with traditional treatments, you can make informed decisions to support your dog's health and well-being.

Understanding Canine Epilepsy Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic neurological conditions in dogs. It causes recurrent, unpredictable seizures  due to abnormal bursts of electrical activity in the brain. Some dogs respond well to anticonvulsant medications such as phenobarbital or levetiracetam. However, around 30% of dogs  continue to have seizures despite treatment – a condition known as drug-resistant or refractory epilepsy . This is where nutritional therapy , such as a ketogenic diet for dogs with epilepsy , may offer valuable support. What Is a Ketogenic Diet for Epileptic Dogs? A ketogenic diet  is a high-fat, moderate-protein, and very low-carbohydrate eating plan designed to shift the body’s metabolism from glucose to fat-derived ketones  as its main energy source. When carbohydrate intake is restricted, the liver converts fats into ketone bodies  – including β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) , acetoacetate , and acetone  – which circulate in the blood and fuel the brain. This state, known as nutritional ketosis , forms the foundation of the ketogenic diet for dogs with epilepsy . How Does a Ketogenic Diet Help Dogs with Epilepsy? The exact mechanisms are still being studied, but research suggests that ketosis can help stabilise brain function  and reduce seizures through several key pathways: Improved brain energy metabolism:  Ketones provide a steady energy source that prevents fluctuations linked to neuronal instability. Balanced neurotransmitters:  Ketosis can influence levels of GABA (calming) and glutamate (excitatory) neurotransmitters, reducing neuronal hyperactivity. Enhanced mitochondrial health:  Ketones improve mitochondrial efficiency and reduce oxidative stress, supporting long-term brain resilience. Anti-inflammatory effects:  Chronic neuroinflammation is linked to seizure activity, and ketones may reduce this inflammation within the brain. Clinical studies in both humans and animals indicate that a ketogenic diet for dogs with epilepsy  can lower seizure frequency and severity in some cases – particularly when conventional medications alone are not fully effective. What to Feed on a Ketogenic Diet for Dogs with Epilepsy A properly formulated canine ketogenic diet is nutritionally complete  and tailored to each dog’s needs. The ideal fat-to-protein-plus-carbohydrate ratio  typically ranges from 3:1 to 4:1 , depending on the dog’s metabolism, weight, and health status. Core ingredients include: Healthy fats:  MCT oil (a direct source of ketones), salmon oil, sardines, olive oil, and grass-fed animal fats. High-quality proteins:  Lean meats such as chicken, beef, pork, lamb, or fish – providing essential amino acids without excess carbohydrates. Low-carbohydrate vegetables:  Spinach, kale, broccoli, courgette, and green beans for fibre and antioxidants. Essential vitamins and minerals:  Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, and B-vitamins must be balanced to ensure long-term health. Because every dog’s metabolic response is different, a customised ketogenic meal plan  created by a qualified canine nutritionist is essential. Why Whole Foods Often Work Better Than Commercial Diets Many owners find better results using whole, unprocessed ingredients  rather than relying solely on commercial kibble. Whole food ketogenic diets allow you to: Control ingredient quality and freshness Avoid artificial additives and fillers Tailor macronutrient ratios  precisely Improve palatability and digestibility , especially for sensitive dogs Some therapeutic formulas, like Purina Pro Plan NeuroCare™ , use MCT oil to promote ketosis, but fresh, gently cooked or raw meals often offer superior nutrient availability  when formulated correctly. Safety and Monitoring Before starting a ketogenic diet for dogs with epilepsy , consult your vet or a qualified canine nutrition professional familiar with metabolic therapy. Important safety steps include: Transition gradually over 1–2 weeks Monitor weight, appetite, and stool quality Schedule regular bloodwork to track liver, kidney, and glucose values Check for potential interactions with antiseizure medications This diet is not suitable for dogs with pancreatitis, severe liver disease, kidney dysfunction , or those who are underweight or still growing . The Takeaway A ketogenic diet for epileptic dogs  offers a science-led, natural approach that supports traditional medication by stabilising brain energy, improving mitochondrial function, and reducing inflammation. While not a cure, it can be a powerful complementary therapy  that enhances your dog’s quality of life. Always work with a professional to ensure the diet is safe, balanced, and tailored  to your individual dog. References: Yudkoff, Marc, et al. "Ketosis and brain handling of glutamate, glutamine, and GABA."  Epilepsia  49 (2008): 73-75. Barker-Haliski, Melissa, and H. Steve White. "Glutamatergic mechanisms associated with seizures and epilepsy."  Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine  5.8 (2015): a022863. Chen, Tsang-Shan, et al. "The role of glutamate receptors in epilepsy."  Biomedicines  11.3 (2023): 783. Doherty, James, and Raymond Dingledine. "The roles of metabotropic glutamate receptors in seizures and epilepsy."  Current Drug Targets-CNS & Neurological Disorders  1.3 (2002): 251-260. Chapman, Astrid G. "Glutamate and epilepsy."  The Journal of nutrition  130.4 (2000): 1043S-1045S. Sarlo, Gabrielle L., Amy Kao, and Kathleen F. Holton. "Investigation of the low glutamate diet as an adjunct treatment for pediatric epilepsy: A pilot randomized controlled trial."  Seizure: European Journal of Epilepsy  106 (2023): 138-147. Yudkoff, Marc, et al. "The ketogenic diet and brain metabolism of amino acids: relationship to the anticonvulsant effect."  Annu. Rev. Nutr.  27.1 (2007): 415-430. Yudkoff, Marc, et al. "Ketogenic diet, brain glutamate metabolism and seizure control."  Prostaglandins, leukotrienes and essential fatty acids  70.3 (2004): 277-285. Zhang, Yifan, et al. "The anticonvulsant effects of ketogenic diet on epileptic seizures and potential mechanisms."  Current neuropharmacology  16.1 (2018): 66-70. Olson, Christine A., et al. "The gut microbiota mediates the anti-seizure effects of the ketogenic diet."  Cell  173.7 (2018): 1728-1741. Symes, John B. "Food intolerance, epilepsy, and" the GARD"[glutamate-aspartate restricted diet]." (2007): 66-68. Symes, John B. "Idiopathic epilepsy-the dietary solution." (2008): 88-90. Schmidt, Teresa, et al. "Urinary neurotransmitter patterns are altered in canine epilepsy."  Frontiers in veterinary science  9 (2022): 893013. Verdoodt, Fien, et al. "The role of nutrition in canine idiopathic epilepsy management: Fact or fiction?."  The Veterinary Journal  290 (2022): 105917. Schmidt, T., Meller, S., Meyerhoff, N., Twele, F., Zanghi, B., & Volk, H. A. (2023). STUDY PROTOCOL. Vendramini, Thiago HA, et al. "Ketogenic diets: A systematic review of current scientific evidence and possible applicability in dogs and cats."  Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition  108.2 (2024): 541-556. Peek, Saskia I., et al. "Epilepsy is more than a simple seizure disorder: Parallels between human and canine cognitive and behavioural comorbidities."  The Veterinary Journal  303 (2024): 106060. Coates, Joan R., and Robert L. Bergman. "Seizures in young dogs and cats: pathophysiology and diagnosis."  seizure  5 (2005): 18. Bough, K.J.; Gudi, K.; Han, F.T.; Rathod, A.H.; Eagles, D.A. An anticonvulsant profile of the ketogenic diet in the rat. Epilepsy Res., 2002 , 50 (3), 313-325. Melø, T.M., Nehlig, A., Sonnewald, U., 2006. Neuronal-glial interactions in rats fed a ketogenic diet. Neurochemistry International 48, 498-507. Maalouf, M.; Sullivan, P.G.; Davis, L.; Kim, D.Y.; Rho, J.M. Ke- tones inhibit mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species production following glutamate excitotoxicity by increasing NADH oxidation. Neuroscience, 2007, 145(1), 256-264. Erecinska M, Nelson D, Daikhin Y, Yudkoff M. Regulation of GABA level in rat brain synaptosomes: fluxes through enzymes of the GABA shunt and effects of glutamate, calcium and ketone bodies. J Neurochem. 1996; 67:2325–34. Juge, N., Gray, J.A., Omote, H., Miyaji, T., Inoue, T., Hara, C., Uneyama, H., Edwards, R.H., Nicoll, R.A., Moriyama, Y., 2010. Metabolic control of vesicular glutamate transport and release. Neuron 68, 99-112. Tanner, G.R.; Lutas, A.; Martínez-François, J.R.; Yellen, G. Single K ATP channel opening in response to action potential firing in mouse dentate granule neurons. J. Neurosci., 2011, 31(23), 8689- 8696.

Epileptic seizures can be a distressing experience for dogs and their owners. Understanding how to manage this condition and choosing the right medication is crucial for maintaining your dog's quality of life. In this article, we'll discuss Gabapentin and how it is used to help seizure control in dogs with epilepsy. Understanding Canine Epilepsy Epileptic seizures in dogs arise from abnormal electrical activity in the brain. These seizures can stem from various factors such as toxicity, head trauma, brain tumours, infections, or metabolic diseases. When the cause cannot be determined, dogs are diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy, often suspected to have genetic roots. Typically, dogs start experiencing seizures between the ages of one and six. Symptoms of Epilepsy in Dogs Seizures in dogs manifest in various forms, including generalized, focal, or psychomotor seizures. Generalized seizures, also known as grand mal seizures, involve stiff limbs, muscle tremors, paddling, drooling, and loss of bladder or bowel control. Focal seizures are less severe, often presenting as head tremors or facial twitches. Psychomotor seizures result in abnormal behaviors like "fly biting," where dogs appear to snap at imaginary flies. Treating Epilepsy in Dogs Managing epilepsy in dogs primarily involves medication. For idiopathic epilepsy, a single medication may suffice, with gabapentin being a common choice. Understanding Gabapentin Gabapentin is a medication that decreases the activity of nerve cells involved in both seizures and pain recognition. While its primary use is in human medicine, it has found widespread use in veterinary practice. It's administered in tablet, capsule, or liquid form, with dosages typically ranging from 100 to 400 milligrams. Gabapentin for Dog Seizures Gabapentin can be effective in controlling seizures, particularly focal or partial seizures. When other medications fail to manage generalized seizures adequately, gabapentin may be added to the treatment regimen. Finding the right dosage is key, with veterinarians typically starting at lower doses and adjusting based on the dog's response and medical history. Gabapentin is usually administered three times a day. Gabapentin for Anxiety in Dogs Beyond seizure control, gabapentin has shown promise in alleviating anxiety in dogs. Its calming effect stems from its ability to modulate nerve cell activity. This makes it a valuable option for dogs prone to anxiety, particularly in stressful situations such as thunderstorms, fireworks, or separation anxiety. Considerations for Using Gabapentin While gabapentin is generally safe, it's metabolized by the kidneys, making it a preferable option for dogs with liver issues. However, there are more liver-friendly alternatives available. Additionally, gabapentin's dosing frequency—three times a day—may not suit all schedules. FAQs about Gabapentin for Dogs How long does it take for gabapentin to work for seizures in dogs?  Gabapentin may take days to weeks to control seizures effectively, though side effects like sedation can be noticed within a couple of hours. Will gabapentin calm my dog down?  Yes, sedation is a common side effect of gabapentin, making it useful for anxiety relief in some dogs. What does gabapentin do for epilepsy?  Gabapentin helps regulate nerve cell activity, reducing the frequency of seizures. Is 300 milligrams of gabapentin too much for a dog?  Dosage varies depending on factors like size and medical history. Your vet will determine the safest dosage for your dog. Conclusion: Gabapentin for Dogs with Epilepsy In conclusion, managing epilepsy in dogs requires careful consideration and consultation with a veterinarian. Gabapentin, while not always the first choice, can be a valuable tool in controlling seizures, alleviating anxiety, and improving your dog's quality of life.

While still in its early stages, recent research has shed light on a potential connection between vitamin B12 deficiency and epilepsy in dogs. Particularly in breeds who are susceptible to malabsorption of B12 like Border Collies and Beagles. Let's delve into this intriguing link and understand its implications for the future of managing canine epilepsy. Understanding Vitamin B12 and Its Crucial Role in Dogs Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is indispensable for various aspects of a dog's health. It plays a vital role in maintaining a healthy nervous system and brain function, facilitates the formation and growth of blood cells, and supports intestinal health crucial for digestion. While most dogs obtain sufficient B12 from their diet, certain factors such as eating a poor diet, illness or genetic predisposition can disrupt its absorption and lead to deficiency. Symptoms of B12 Deficiency in Dogs Insufficient levels of vitamin B12 can result in anaemia, affecting the body's ability to absorb iron. Dogs with B12 deficiency and/or anaemia may exhibit symptoms such as lack of energy, weakness, reduced interest in play, loss of appetite, diarrhoea, weight loss, lack of muscle mass, confusion, and in severe cases, seizures. Recognising these signs early is essential for prompt intervention and treatment. Causes of B12 Deficiency in Dogs The primary cause of B12 deficiency in dogs is often related to absorption issues. Certain breeds, including Australian Shepherds, Border Collies, Beagles, Giant Schnauzers, and Chinese Shar-Peis, are genetically predisposed to difficulties in B12 absorption. Diseases affecting the pancreas, such as exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) and pancreatic cancer, can also impair B12 absorption, leading to deficiency. In addition, disorders of the small or large intestine, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), can interfere with B12 absorption and contribute to deficiency. The balance of bacteria in the gut microbiome also plays a crucial role in B12 absorption. An imbalance in gut bacteria can disrupt the absorption process, further exacerbating the deficiency. Vitamin B12 and Epilepsy in Humans In humans, research has confirmed links between vitamin B12 deficiency and seizures. Additionally, it has shown that the use of anti-epileptic medication can further reduce vitamin B12 levels, exacerbating epilepsy symptoms. These findings underscore the importance of maintaining adequate B12 levels for neurological health and seizure management in both humans and dogs. New Research is Underway: The Border Collie Study There is a strong enough correlation between low B12 and epilepsy that a study is currently ongoing by Bristol Veterinary Specialists investigating the potential link between vitamin B12 deficiency and epilepsy in Border Collies. Border Collies can suffer from a genetic condition called Imerslund-Gräsbeck syndrome, which reduces blood and cellular levels of vitamin B12. Due to these findings, the team will specifically be investigating the role of vitamin B12 in epilepsy. This study aims to shed light on the underlying mechanisms and potential treatment approaches. How Can Owners Help? Dog owners play a crucial role in supporting their pet's health and well-being. Regular veterinary check-ups, especially for breeds prone to B12 deficiency, can aid in early detection and intervention. Additionally, participating in research studies, like the one conducted by Bristol Veterinary Specialists, allows owners to contribute to advancements in understanding and treating epilepsy in dogs. How can I test my dog for Vitamin B12 Deficiency? Testing for low vitamin B12 levels in dogs typically involves a simple blood test, specifically measuring the concentration of vitamin B12 in the bloodstream. This test, known as a serum cobalamin assay, helps veterinarians assess whether a dog has sufficient levels of vitamin B12 for optimal health. Additionally, other blood tests, such as a complete blood count (CBC) and serum chemistry panel, may be performed to evaluate overall health and identify any underlying conditions contributing to B12 deficiency. By accurately diagnosing and monitoring vitamin B12 levels, veterinarians can tailor treatment plans to address deficiencies and improve the health and wellbeing of dogs. Conclusion: Can Vitamin B12 Deficiency Cause Epilepsy in Dogs? While the research is still in its infancy we are beginning to understand the role of vitamin deficiencies can play in causing or exacerbating epilepsy symptoms. By being informed of the symptoms and recognising them early dog owners can help ensure their dog's lead healthy, fulfilling lives.