Seresto collars are a popular choice among pet owners for flea and tick control, offering convenience and long-lasting protection for dogs. However, concerns have been raised about the potential impact of Seresto collars on seizures in epileptic dogs. In this informative blog post, we'll delve into what Seresto collars are, the materials used to make them, and why they may affect seizures in dogs with epilepsy. What is a Seresto Collar? A Seresto collar is a type of flea and tick collar designed to provide continuous protection against these parasites for up to eight months. Unlike traditional flea collars, Seresto collars use technology to release active ingredients gradually over time, repelling and killing fleas, ticks, and other pests without the need for monthly applications. Materials Used in Seresto Collars Seresto collars contain two main active ingredients: imidacloprid and flumethrin. Imidacloprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide that disrupts the nervous system of fleas and ticks, leading to paralysis and death. Flumethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid that repels and kills ticks upon contact. These ingredients are embedded in a polymer matrix within the collar, allowing for controlled release over an extended period. Potential Impact on Seizures in Dogs with Epilepsy While Seresto collars are generally considered safe for most dogs, some pet owners have reported an association between the use of these collars and an increase in seizures in epileptic dogs. The exact mechanism behind this potential link is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to the active ingredients, particularly imidacloprid. Imidacloprid works by targeting the nervous system of insects, and while it is generally well-tolerated by dogs, there is a possibility that it may affect the neurological function of epileptic dogs, potentially triggering seizures. Additionally, some dogs may have a hypersensitivity or intolerance to the ingredients in Seresto collars, leading to adverse reactions including seizures. How Imidacloprid Harms the Nervous System of Dogs Imidacloprid acts as a neurotoxin, targeting the nervous system of insects by binding to specific receptors called nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. These receptors are essential for normal nerve signal transmission in insects. When imidacloprid binds to these receptors, it disrupts the normal function of the nervous system, leading to paralysis and ultimately death in fleas and ticks. While imidacloprid is generally considered safe it is important to note that it can also affect mammals, including dogs, although to a lesser extent. In dogs, imidacloprid may interfere with normal neurological function if ingested or absorbed in large quantities, potentially leading to adverse effects such as tremors, weakness, and seizures. Imidacloprid Toxicity in Dogs Imidacloprid toxicity in dogs is relatively rare and usually occurs when dogs ingest large amounts of the chemical or are exposed to concentrated formulations. Symptoms of imidacloprid toxicity may include drooling, vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, weakness, and seizures. In severe cases, imidacloprid poisoning can lead to respiratory distress, coma, and death. If you suspect that your dog has been exposed to imidacloprid or is experiencing symptoms of toxicity, seek veterinary care immediately for prompt treatment. Conclusion: Seresto Collars and Seizures While Seresto collars are an effective option for flea and tick control in many dogs, pet owners should be aware of the potential risks associated with their use, particularly in epileptic dogs. It's essential to weigh the benefits of flea and tick prevention against the potential risks of increased seizure activity and to consult with a veterinarian if you have concerns about your dog's health or the use of Seresto collars. If you are interested in natural alternatives, please read our article here .

Introduction Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that affects both humans and animals, including our canine companions. While many people are aware of the classic image of a dog experiencing a full-blown seizure, there's a lesser-known type of seizure that can affect dogs: absence seizures. In this article, we'll delve into what absence seizures are, how they manifest in dogs, potential causes, and how pet parents can recognise and support their furry friends living with this condition. Understanding Absence Seizures in Dogs Absence seizures, previously known as petit mal seizures, are characterized by a sudden and brief loss of consciousness. Unlike grand mal seizures, absence seizures do not typically involve convulsions or significant muscle activity. Instead, dogs experiencing absence seizures may exhibit subtle signs such as staring into space, brief episodes of unresponsiveness, or minor facial twitching. Can Dogs Experience Absence Seizures? Yes, dogs can indeed experience absence seizures. While absence seizures are more commonly associated with humans, they can occur in dogs as well. However, due to the subtle nature of these seizures in dogs, they may often go unnoticed or be mistaken for other behaviours. It's essential for pet parents to be aware of the signs of absence seizures so they can recognise when their dog may be experiencing them. Signs of Absence Seizures in Dogs Recognising absence seizures in dogs can be challenging, as the symptoms are often subtle and may mimic other behaviours. Common signs of absence seizures in dogs include: Brief Staring Spells : Dogs may suddenly stop what they are doing and stare into space for a few seconds. Lack of Responsiveness or 'zoning out' : During a seizure, dogs may not respond to their name or other stimuli. Twitching or Lip Smacking : Some dogs may exhibit minor facial twitching or lip smacking movements during a seizure. Temporary Disorientation : After the seizure ends, dogs may appear momentarily disoriented or confused before returning to normal behaviour. Causes of Absence Seizures in Dogs The underlying cause of epilepsy, including absence seizures, in dogs is not always clear. However, several factors may contribute to the development of seizures in dogs, including: Genetics: Certain breeds may have a higher predisposition to epilepsy, suggesting a genetic component to the disorder. Brain abnormalities: Structural abnormalities or lesions in the brain can increase the likelihood of seizures. Metabolic disorders: Conditions such as hypoglycemia or electrolyte imbalances can trigger seizures in some dogs. Environmental factors: Exposure to toxins or other environmental factors can also increase the risk of seizures in dogs. Managing Absence Seizures in Dogs Absence seizures can often be managed with proper treatment and care. Here are some strategies for managing absence seizures in dogs: Medication: Anticonvulsant medications prescribed by a veterinarian can help control seizures and reduce their frequency and severity. Regular veterinary monitoring: Regular check-ups are essential for monitoring your dog's condition and adjusting their medication as needed. Identifying triggers: Pay attention to potential triggers for seizures, such as stress or changes in routine, and try to minimize their impact on your dog. Providing a stable environment: Maintaining a consistent routine and minimizing stress can help reduce the likelihood of seizures in dogs with epilepsy. Conclusion: Can Dogs Have Absence Seizures? While absence seizures in dogs may not be as widely recognized as other types of seizures, they can still have a significant impact on a dog's quality of life. If you suspect that your dog may be experiencing absence seizures, it's essential to consult with a veterinarian for proper diagnosis and treatment. By working closely with your veterinarian and implementing appropriate management strategies, you can help improve your dog's quality of life and minimize the impact of epilepsy on their well-being. About the Author Dr. Natascha Hedegaard BVetMed MRCVS graduated as a veterinary surgeon from the Royal Veterinary College, London, in 2018. She is passionate about optimising canine health with a holistic approach to veterinary medicine and consideration for the individual patient .She is currently undertaking her Postgraduate Certificate in Small Animal Medicine with an aim to becoming an Advanced Practitioner.

When it comes to canine health, especially for dogs with epilepsy, understanding the impact of various substances is crucial. One such substance that often raises concerns is rosemary. While rosemary is a common culinary herb, it also exists in other forms, such as essential oils and extracts, which can have different effects on our dogs. This blog post delves into the chemical properties of rosemary, its different forms, and their potential effects on dogs with seizures. It explains the science behind why rosemary extract, a common natural preservative used in high quality dog food, is completely safe for epileptic dogs. Understanding the Origins of the confusion: The Chemical Make-Up of Rosemary Chemical Compounds in Rosemary Rosemary contains several compounds that can influence brain activity. Two notable compounds are 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) and camphor. These compounds are found in significant concentrations in rosemary essential oil and can impact neurochemistry, particularly in dogs prone to seizures. 1,8-Cineole is a compound present in various essential oils, including rosemary and eucalyptus. While some studies suggest it has anticonvulsant properties, it can also act as a convulsant at higher concentrations. This paradox arises because 1,8-cineole interacts with GABA receptors in the brain. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is a neurotransmitter that helps calm neuronal activity. 1,8-cineole can act as a weak partial antagonist of GABA receptors, meaning it binds to these receptors without fully activating them, potentially disrupting the normal inhibitory functions of GABA and leading to increased brain excitability and seizures. Camphor is another compound found in rosemary, particularly in high concentrations in the essential oil. Camphor disrupts GABA neurotransmission, blocking its calming effects and causing neurons to become overly excited. This disruption can lead to abnormal electrical activity and seizures, making camphor a risk for dogs predisposed to epilepsy. Concentration and Risks of Rosemary Essential Oils In its essential oil form, rosemary's compounds become highly concentrated. For instance, it takes about 75 pounds of rosemary in flower to produce just one pound of essential oil. This intense concentration magnifies the convulsant properties of compounds like 1,8-cineole and camphor, making rosemary essential oil potentially dangerous for dogs with epilepsy. While fresh or dried rosemary used in cooking is generally safe and even beneficial in small amounts, the essential oil—particularly if ingested or applied directly to your dog—can pose serious risks by disrupting the balance of neurotransmitters in the brain and increasing the likelihood of seizures. The Safety of Rosemary Extract for Dogs: A Critical Point to Help You Choose Healthier Dog-Food Brands Without Unwarranted Fear Contrary to popular belief, there is currently no scientific evidence linking food-grade rosemary extract to seizures in dogs. Deodorised preparations of rosemary extract, used as antioxidants and preservatives in pet food, are far removed from the essential oils used in aromatherapy. Through the process of making rosemary extract, rosemary is stripped of the two chemical compounds linked to seizures: camphor and 1,8-cineole. Additionally, rosemary extract has been recognised as a safe and effective antioxidant, further dispelling concerns about its safety for canine consumption. Rosemary extract offers several health benefits for dogs when incorporated into their diet. Rich in antioxidants, rosemary extract helps combat oxidative stress and inflammation, promoting overall well-being. Its natural preservative properties also support the longevity of pet food, ensuring it remains fresh and nutrient-rich. Additionally, rosemary extract has been linked to improved digestion and may aid in gastrointestinal health. Dispelling the Myth: Insights from Linda Case M.S (Canine Nutritionist) Around the Misunderstanding of Rosemary Extract Renowned canine nutrition expert Linda Case M.S has thoroughly investigated and refuted any connection between rosemary extract and seizures in dogs. She highlights that the confusion likely arose from studies associating essential oils like eucalyptus, camphor, and even rosemary itself, but not rosemary extract. Furthermore, deodorised rosemary extract used in food preparation is safe and does not pose a risk of triggering seizures in dogs. Further Evidence: Rosemary Extract Could Improve Seizure Frequency A study titled "Effects of Rosmarinus officinalis L. Extract on Neurobehavioral and Neurobiological Changes in Male Rats with Pentylenetetrazol-Induced Epilepsy" investigated the potential therapeutic effects of rosemary extract on neurobehavioral and neurobiological alterations in male rats with induced epilepsy. Although the study was not conducted on dogs with epilepsy, animal models can deepen our understanding of how different compounds affect other species. The findings indicate that treatment with rosemary extract may lead to a significant decrease in seizure frequency and severity, as well as improvements in behavioural outcomes, compared to rats in the control group. Summary: Understanding Rosemary's Many Forms: Rosemary, Rosemary Essential Oil, and Rosemary Extract Rosemary Plant (likely ok, but small reason to be cautious) What It Is: The fresh or dried leaves of the rosemary plant. How It’s Made: Simply picked, washed, and either used fresh or dried. Drying involves hanging the sprigs in a warm, dry place until the moisture evaporates, leaving you with a shelf-stable herb. Effect on Seizures: camphor & 1,8-Cineole in such low quantities in individual leaves/sprigs, using as a seasoning or herb unlikely to trigger seizures in dogs. However, if you want to be extra cautious, there is some reason to choose to eliminate it from your dog’s diet. Rosemary Essential Oil (potentially dangerous, reason to worry) What It Is: A highly concentrated oil extracted from rosemary leaves. How It’s Made: The essential oil is produced through steam distillation. Fresh rosemary leaves are placed in a distillation apparatus, and steam is passed through them. The steam helps release the plant’s natural oils, which are then collected and separated from the water. This process results in pure rosemary essential oil, which is incredibly concentrated. It takes about 75 pounds of rosemary in flower to steam distill just 1 pound of essential oil. Just a few drops of rosemary essential oil can have the same potency as several handfuls of the fresh herb. Effect on Seizures: camphor & 1,8-Cineole in higher concentrations. There is scientific reason to avoid using rosemary essential oil for your dog. Do not feed your dog rosemary essential oil and avoid using it on their body. Rosemary Extract (completely safe, potentially beneficial) What It Is: A liquid containing rosemary’s beneficial compounds without its convulsant ones, less concentrated than essential oil. It is commonly used as a natural preservative in high-quality foods for dogs and humans alike. How It’s Made: Created by soaking rosemary leaves in a solvent like alcohol or water to extract active compounds. This process pulls out the beneficial components, which are then filtered and sometimes further concentrated. Importantly, this process strips rosemary of the two chemical compounds linked to seizures: camphor and 1,8-cineole. Effect on Seizures: camphor & 1,8-Cineole completely removed by the process of making rosemary extract. Completely safe for epileptic dogs with scientific research showing potentially beneficial effects of rosemary extract to help manage seizures. Conclusion: Does Rosemary Cause Seizures in Dogs? Understanding the difference between rosemary, rosemary essential oil, and rosemary extract is crucial for dog owners to answer the question "does rosemary cause seizures in dogs", especially those with epileptic pets. While rosemary essential oil can be dangerous due to its high concentration of convulsant compounds, rosemary extract is safe and even beneficial for dogs. By recognising these distinctions, you can make informed choices about your dog’s diet and health, ensuring their safety and well-being. References Bahr TA, Rodriguez D, Beaumont C, Allred K. The Effects of Various Essential Oils on Epilepsy and Acute Seizure: A Systematic Review. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 May 22;2019:6216745. doi: 10.1155/2019/6216745. PMID: 31239862; PMCID: PMC6556313.  Burkhard PR, Burkhardt K, Haenggeli CA, Landis T. "Plant-induced seizures: reappearance of an old problem." Journal of Neurology. 1999 Aug;246(8):667-70. doi: 10.1007/s004150050423. Case, Linda P. "Canine and Feline Nutrition: A Resource for Companion Animal Professionals." Elsevier Health Sciences, 2010. Scott-Thomas, Caroline. "UK approves rosemary extracts as natural antioxidants." Food Navigator, 2010. Available online: Food Navigator Naderali, Elahe & Nikbakht, Farnaz & Ofogh, Sattar & Rasoolijazi, Homa. (2017). The role of rosemary extract (40% carnosic acid) in degeneration of hippocampal neurons induced by kainic acid in the rat: The behavioral and histochemical approach. Journal of Integrative Neuroscience. 17. 1-13. 10.3233/JIN-170035. Bahr TA, Rodriguez D, Beaumont C, Allred K. The Effects of Various Essential Oils on Epilepsy and Acute Seizure: A Systematic Review. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 May 22;2019:6216745. doi: 10.1155/2019/6216745. PMID: 31239862; PMCID: PMC6556313. Alamri, Bader S., et al. "Effects of Rosmarinus officinalis L. Extract on Neurobehavioral and Neurobiological Changes in Male Rats with Pentylenetetrazol-Induced Epilepsy." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2020, Article ID 8850692, 2020. Available online: PubMed Central .

The Impact of Daylight Savings Time on Canine Epilepsy Many dog owners may not be aware that the shift in time during daylight savings can affect their pets, particularly those with epilepsy. Studies suggest that changes in routine, such as shifts in medication timings, and biological rhythms, such as sleep patterns, can potentially trigger seizures in susceptible dogs. Managing Medication Routines During Time Changes: A Gradual Approach When preparing for the shift in daylight savings time, it's good to plan ahead, especially when it comes to adjusting your dog's medication schedule. Here's a suggested timeline for gradually shifting medication timings over a few weeks: One Week Before: Start by adjusting your dog's medication schedule by just 15 minutes earlier or later, depending on the direction of the time change. For example, if it is about to be spring and daylight savings time will begin, move your dog's medication time 15 minutes earlier each day. Three to Four Days Before: Increase the adjustment increment to 30 minutes earlier or later each day. This gradual approach helps your dog's body acclimate to the new schedule without causing undue stress or disruption. Day of Time Change: By the time daylight savings time officially begins or ends, your dog should already be accustomed to the new medication schedule, minimising any potential impact on their health. Remember, consistency is key when managing epilepsy in dogs. Be sure to monitor your pet closely for any signs of discomfort or changes in seizure activity during the transition period. Understanding the Mechanism Behind Seizure Triggers: Insights into Circadian Rhythms and Brain Activity Circadian rhythms are the natural, internal processes that regulate the sleep-wake cycle and other physiological functions in living organisms, including dogs. These rhythms are governed by an internal "biological clock" located in the brain, which responds to environmental cues such as light and darkness. Daylight savings time can disrupt these circadian rhythms by suddenly shifting the timing of daylight exposure. This disruption can lead to disturbances in sleep patterns, as the body struggles to adjust to the new schedule. A more noticeable shift would be when we fly and experience jet lag. In susceptible individuals, such as dogs with epilepsy, these disruptions can have profound effects on brain activity. The brain's electrical activity is tightly regulated by the intricate interplay of neurons and neurotransmitters. Changes in sleep patterns and circadian rhythms can disrupt this delicate balance, leading to abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, known as seizures. During daylight savings transitions, the sudden shift in daylight exposure can confuse the brain's internal clock, causing it to send mixed signals to various regions of the brain. This confusion can manifest as increased neuronal excitability and hyperactivity, making dogs with epilepsy more vulnerable to experiencing seizures. Can I just give my dog their medicine one hour later or earlier depending on the shift in daylights savings time so they maintain “the same time” for pill time? When adjusting your dog's medication schedule for daylight savings time changes, it may seem convenient to keep the same time as before (e.g. if you give your dog their medication at 7pm GMT, giving your dog their medication at 8pm BST). However, it's crucial to consider how this may affect your dog's internal body clock (circadian rhythms). While maintaining consistency is important, the new medication time may not fully align with your dog's natural rhythms, potentially affecting their response to treatment. Consulting with your veterinarian is essential to ensure that the chosen medication time balances consistency with your dog's biological needs, ultimately prioritising their health and well-being. Conclusion: Prioritising Your Dog's Health As devoted pet owners, it's our responsibility to prioritise our dog's health and well-being, especially when managing conditions like epilepsy. Disruptions to sleep patterns and circadian rhythms during daylight savings time can influence the brain's electrical activity, potentially triggering seizures in susceptible individuals. Abrupt changes in medication routines can also trigger seizures. By understanding the potential impact of daylight savings time on seizure triggers and taking proactive measures to adjust medication routines and daily schedules, we can help our furry friends lead happy and healthy lives. It's essential to consult with a veterinarian before implementing any natural treatment interventions, as individualised care and monitoring are crucial for optimising efficacy and safety. With a comprehensive approach that integrates natural therapies alongside conventional treatments, pet owners can empower themselves to effectively manage their dog's epilepsy and provide them with the best possible care and support. References: Mistlberger, R. E., & Skene, D. J. (2005). Social influences on mammalian circadian rhythms: animal and human studies. Biological Reviews, 80(3), 549-571. Parisi, P.  et al . The relationship between sleep and epilepsy: the effect on cognitive functioning in children.  Dev. Med. Child Neurol.   52 , 805–810 (2010). Spencer, D. C., Sun, F. T., Brown, S. N., & Jobst, B. C. (2020). Temporal lobe epilepsy: Recent advances and future directions. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 20(12), 1-11. Packer, R. M. A., Shihab, N. K., Torres, B. B. J., Volk, H. A. (2018). Clinical risk factors associated with anti-epileptic drug responsiveness in canine epilepsy. PLOS ONE, 13(3), e0193599. Nobili L, Frauscher B, Eriksson S, Gibbs SA, Halasz P, Lambert I, Manni R, Peter-Derex L, Proserpio P, Provini F, de Weerd A, Parrino L. Sleep and epilepsy: A snapshot of knowledge and future research lines. J Sleep Res. 2022 Aug;31(4):e13622. doi: 10.1111/jsr.13622. Epub 2022 Apr 29. PMID: 35487880; PMCID: PMC9540671. Sanchez Fernandez, I.  et al . Continuous spikes and waves during sleep: electroclinical presentation and suggestions for management.  Epilepsy Res. Treat.   2013 , 583531 (2013).

Dr. Natascha Hedegaard BVetMed MRCVS graduated as a veterinary surgeon from the Royal Veterinary College, London, in 2018. She is passionate about optimising canine health with a holistic approach to veterinary medicine and consideration for the individual patient .She is currently undertaking her Postgraduate Certificate in Small Animal Medicine with an aim to becoming an Advanced Practitioner. Introduction: Discovering that your loving dog needs medication to manage seizures can be daunting. However, with the right information and support, you can navigate this journey with more confidence. In this blog post, we'll explore what you need to know when starting your dog on levetiracetam including what to expect, how to administer the medication, and tips for ensuring your dog's comfort and well-being. Understanding Levetiracetam: Levetiracetam is a commonly prescribed anticonvulsant medication used to manage seizures in dogs. Veterinary brand names in the UK and US include Keppra ®, Elepsia ® , and Spiritam ® . It is an anticonvulsant medication that works by stabilising electrical activity in the brain, helping to reduce the frequency and severity of seizures. Levetiracetam is often recommended when other seizure medications have proven ineffective or when a dog experiences intolerable side effects with other medications. Levetiracetam is available in tablet or liquid form and is given by mouth and is available in both immediate and extended-release formulations and is given two, three or four times daily depending on the elected dose and use. When given concurrently with phenobarbital and/or potassium bromide, dosage increases may be necessary as levetiracetam clearance from the bloodstream is faster when given with either of these drugs. Starting Levetiracetam Treatment: Here's what you can expect when starting your dog on levetiracetam: Veterinary Consultation: The first step is to consult with your veterinarian. They will perform a thorough examination of your dog, review their medical history, and discuss treatment options with you. Prescription and Dosage: If levetiracetam is deemed appropriate for your dog, your veterinarian will prescribe the medication and provide instructions on dosage and administration. The dosage is typically based on your dog's weight and severity of seizures. Your vet will advise you on the length of time this medication is recommended which will vary between patients but may be the rest of their life. Note: levetiracetam should not be stopped suddenly. Administration: Levetiracetam is available in tablet or liquid form. Your veterinarian will advise you on the best method of administration for your dog. Tablets can usually be given with food to minimise stomach upset, while liquid medication may be administered directly into your dog's mouth using a syringe or mixed with food. Gradual Introduction: Your veterinarian may recommend gradually introducing levetiracetam to your dog's system to minimise potential side effects. This often involves starting with a low dose and gradually increasing it over several days to weeks until the desired effect is achieved. Monitoring: Once your dog is on levetiracetam, it's essential to monitor their response to the medication closely. Your veterinarian may schedule follow-up appointments to assess your dog's seizure activity and adjust the dosage if necessary. Understanding Potential side effects While Levetiracetam can be highly effective in controlling seizures, it's essential for pet owners to be aware of potential side effects that may occur. In this blog post, we'll explore some of the possible side effects of levetiracetam in dogs. Levetiracetam has been documented as the most well tolerated anti-epileptic drug in humans, with adverse reactions equivalent to placebo. Gastrointestinal Upset or Reduced Appetite: One of the most common side effects of levetiracetam in dogs is gastrointestinal upset. This may manifest as vomiting, diarrhea, hypersalivation or decreased appetite and are normally only seen when higher or overdoses are given. While these symptoms are usually mild and temporary, it's essential to monitor your dog closely and report any persistent or severe gastrointestinal issues to your veterinarian. Sedation: Some dogs may experience mild sedation or lethargy when first starting levetiracetam or when the dosage is increased. While this side effect typically diminishes over time as the dog's body adjusts to the medication, it's important to ensure your dog has a safe and comfortable environment during this period. Ataxia (Wobbliness, Loss of Coordination): In some cases, dogs may exhibit temporary ataxia or loss of coordination while taking levetiracetam. This may present as unsteady gait, stumbling, or difficulty standing. While ataxia is usually mild and resolves on its own, it's crucial to prevent your dog from engaging in activities that could lead to injury, such as climbing stairs or jumping on furniture. Behavioural Changes: Occasionally, dogs may experience behavioural changes while on levetiracetam, such as increased agitation, anxiety, or restlessness. If you notice any significant changes in your dog's behaviour, it's essential to discuss them with your veterinarian to determine if they are related to the medication or another underlying issue. Allergic Reactions: While rare, allergic reactions to levetiracetam can occur in some dogs. Signs of an allergic reaction may include facial swelling, hives, difficulty breathing, or severe itching. If you suspect your dog is having an allergic reaction to levetiracetam, seek veterinary care immediately. Which patients may it not be suitable for? Levetiracetam should be used with caution in patients with renal insufficiency (kidney problems) with dosage reductions considered. In pregnant dogs, levetiracetam should be used with caution. Levetiracetam is excreted into the maternal milk and its safety in nursing offspring is unknown. It should be used with caution. Levetiracetam can interact with antihistamines.  Tips for Starting Your Dog on Levetiracetam: Here are some tips to help ensure a smooth transition onto levetiracetam for your epi dog: Follow Veterinary Instructions: Always follow your veterinarian's instructions regarding dosage, administration, and monitoring. They are the best resource for ensuring your dog's safety and well-being. Be Patient: It may take some time to find the optimal dosage of levetiracetam for your dog. Allow your veterinarian to make adjustments as needed to achieve effective seizure control. Monitor for Side Effects: Keep an eye out for any potential side effects, such as lethargy, loss of appetite, vomiting, or diarrhoea, and report them to your veterinarian promptly. Provide Comfort and Support: Starting medication can be stressful for your dog, so be sure to offer plenty of love, comfort, and reassurance during this time. If You Miss a Dose: Give the dose as soon as possible but do not give a double dose. Make sure the dose given does not exceed the total recommended dose in any 24-hour period. Disposing of Unused/Out of Date Medication: Dispose of any unused levetiracetam safely – do not flush down the toilet or sink. Ask your veterinary team if they take back medication for disposal. Do not save levetiracetam for future use or give to other pets. Conclusion: Starting your dog on levetiracetam can feel overwhelming, but with the guidance of your veterinarian and a supportive approach, you can help your dog manage their seizures and enjoy a happy, fulfilling life. Remember to communicate openly with your veterinarian, monitor your dog's response to the medication closely, and provide plenty of love and support every step of the way.

Dr. Natascha Hedegaard BVetMed MRCVS graduated as a veterinary surgeon from the Royal Veterinary College, London, in 2018. She is passionate about optimising canine health with a holistic approach to veterinary medicine and consideration for the individual patient .She is currently undertaking her Postgraduate Certificate in Small Animal Medicine with an aim to becoming an Advanced Practitioner. As pet owners, we always want to ensure the well-being of our dogs, especially when it comes to managing health conditions like seizures. Its fairly common for vets to prescribe diazepam to epileptic dogs and you might be wondering what is diazepam and how do you administer rectal tubes? Diazepam is a medication commonly used to treat acute seizures in dogs, providing rapid relief in emergency situations. In this blog post, we'll explore what rectal diazepam is, how to administer it to your dog, and when it's appropriate to use. Understanding Rectal Diazepam Rectal diazepam is a benzodiazepine medication used to treat acute seizures or clusters of seizures in dogs. It works by calming overactive brain activity, helping to stop seizures and prevent further episodes. Administering Rectal Diazepam Administering rectal diazepam to your dog may seem daunting at first, but with proper guidance and preparation, it can be done safely and effectively. Here's a step-by-step guide: Prepare the Medication : Ensure you have the prescribed dose of rectal diazepam readily available. Rectal diazepam is often available in pre-filled syringes or rectal gel applicators for easy administration. Position Your Dog : Gently restrain your dog in a comfortable position, such as lying on their side. You may need the assistance of another person to hold your dog still during administration. Insert the Applicator : Carefully insert the rectal gel applicator or syringe into your dog's rectum. Be gentle and avoid causing discomfort to your dog. Administer the Medication : Depress the plunger of the syringe or applicator to release the prescribed dose of rectal diazepam into your dog's rectum. Ensure the entire dose is administered as directed by your veterinarian. Hold and Comfort Your Dog : After administering the medication, gently hold your dog in place for a brief period to allow the medication to be absorbed. Comfort your dog with soothing words and gentle strokes to help them relax. When to Use Rectal Diazepam Rectal diazepam is typically used in emergency situations when your dog is experiencing acute seizures or clusters of seizures. It provides rapid relief and can help prevent further complications associated with prolonged seizures while contacting and/or making your way to your veterinarian. It's important to follow your veterinarian's guidance on when and how to administer rectal diazepam to your dog. Your veterinarian will provide specific instructions based on your dog's weight, individual health condition and seizure history. It is often acceptable to repeat the dosing several times at specific intervals, please ensure you have all this information clearly provided to you prior to needing to use it. Conclusion: What is Diazepam and How to Administer Rectal Tubes Rectal diazepam can be a valuable tool in managing acute seizures in dogs, providing rapid relief in emergency situations. By following proper administration techniques and consulting with your veterinarian, you can ensure your furry friend receives the prompt and effective treatment they need during seizure episodes. Remember, if you have any questions or concerns about administering rectal diazepam to your dog, don't hesitate to reach out to your veterinarian for guidance and support.

Dr. Natascha Hedegaard BVetMed MRCVS graduated as a veterinary surgeon from the Royal Veterinary College, London, in 2018. She is passionate about optimising canine health with a holistic approach to veterinary medicine and consideration for the individual patient .She is currently undertaking her Postgraduate Certificate in Small Animal Medicine with an aim to becoming an Advanced Practitioner. What if I Accidentally Give Another Dog or Human my Dog's Levetiracetam? In the event that this medication, Levetiracetam, is administered to a pet other than the one for which it was prescribed or accidentally consumed by a human, it's essential to take the following steps: Administering to Other Pets: Levetiracetam should be exclusively given to the specific dog it has been prescribed for. It is not suitable for use in other pets within the household. Each pet's medical condition and requirements can differ, and giving medication intended for one animal to another can lead to adverse effects or complications. Always adhere strictly to the prescribed regimen for each pet. If, by mistake, Levetiracetam is given to another pet in the household, swift action is necessary. Contact your veterinarian immediately for guidance on how to proceed. They will assess the situation, taking into account factors such as the type and dosage of medication, the health status of the pet, and any potential adverse reactions. Prompt veterinary intervention can help mitigate any potential harm and ensure the appropriate management of the situation. If your vet if closed, please contact an out of hours practice or a veterinary poison advice centres such as: UK: USA: Use in Pregnant or Lactating Dogs: When dealing with pregnant or lactating dogs, extra caution is warranted. Only administer Levetiracetam if your veterinarian has explicitly advised it and provided clear instructions. Pregnancy and lactation can alter the body's metabolism and physiological processes, potentially affecting the medication's efficacy or safety for both the mother and her offspring. Prior consultation with a veterinarian is crucial to ensure the well-being of both the dog and her puppies. Accidental Human Consumption: In the unfortunate event of accidental ingestion by a human, it is crucial to act promptly. Contact your primary care physician or reach out to a poison control center for assistance. Provide them with detailed information about the medication, including its name, dosage strength, and the circumstances surrounding the ingestion. Healthcare professionals can offer guidance on any necessary medical interventions and monitor for any adverse effects or complications that may arise from human exposure to the medication. Conclusion: What if I Accidentally Give Another Dog or Human my Dog's Levetiracetam? By following these guidelines and seeking appropriate assistance when needed, you can ensure the safe and effective use of Levetiracetam for your pets while minimizing the risk of accidental exposure or ingestion.

Anaesthesia can be a scary prospect for pet owners of dogs with epilepsy. However, with proper understanding and precautions, anaesthesia can be administered safely to epileptic dogs, even for procedures unrelated to their seizure disorder. In this informative post, we'll explore the risks associated with general anaesthetic in epileptic dogs and why it can still be safe when managed appropriately. Understanding Anesthesia in Epileptic Dogs Preanesthetic Examination : Before undergoing anaesthesia, epileptic dogs should undergo a thorough pre-anaesthetic examination to assess their overall health and identify potential seizure triggers. Owners should ensure that their veterinarian is aware of any recent changes in their dog's seizure frequency or severity, as well as any other medical conditions that may impact anaesthesia. Premedication Before Anaesthesia : Premedication aims to minimise stress and provide analgesia before induction. While acepromazine should be avoided in epileptic dogs due to reported seizure threshold reduction, opioids are generally safe for providing analgesia and sedation. Induction and Maintenance : Owners must communicate with their veterinarian about their dog's epilepsy diagnosis and any current medications they may be taking. Anaesthetic protocols can be tailored to minimise the risk of seizure activity during and after the procedure. Owners should discuss the use of drugs known to lower seizure thresholds, such as ketamine, and inquire about alternative options that may be safer for epileptic dogs. Propofol and thiobarbiturates are commonly used for induction. Inhalation agents like sevoflurane and isoflurane are preferred for maintenance due to their lesser effects on cerebral blood flow. Constant Monitoring : Heavily sedated or anaesthetised dogs require vigilant monitoring to ensure their safety and well-being. Observation should include respiratory and cardiovascular parameters and appropriate supportive care should be provided as needed. Tips for Owners Open Communication : Talk openly with your veterinarian about your dog's epilepsy diagnosis and any concerns you may have about anaesthesia. Discuss the risks and benefits of anaesthesia for your dog's specific situation and ask questions to ensure you understand the proposed treatment plan. Monitor Your Dog : Keep a close eye on your dog's behaviour and seizure activity leading up to the procedure. If you notice any changes or unusual symptoms, such as increased restlessness or anxiety, inform your veterinarian promptly. Follow Preanesthetic Instructions : Follow any preanesthetic instructions provided by your veterinarian carefully, including fasting guidelines and medication protocols. Adhering to these instructions can help minimise the risk of complications during anaesthesia. What to Say to Your Veterinarian Provide Detailed Medical History : Be sure to provide your veterinarian with a detailed medical history for your dog, including information about their epilepsy diagnosis, current medications, and any previous experiences with anaesthesia. Discuss Anaesthetic Concerns : Express any concerns or questions you may have about anaesthesia for your epileptic dog. Ask about the specific drugs and protocols that will be used and inquire about alternative options if you're unsure about their safety. Request Regular Updates : During the procedure, ask your veterinarian to provide regular updates on your dog's condition and alert you to any changes or concerns that arise. Open communication and collaboration with your veterinarian are key to ensuring the safety and well-being of your epileptic dog during anaesthesia. Conclusion: Is General Anaesthetic Safe for Epileptic Dogs? While there are inherent risks, anaesthesia can be safely administered to epileptic dogs with careful consideration and planning. By maintaining open communication with your veterinarian, following preanesthetic instructions, and monitoring your dog closely before and after the procedure, you can help ensure a safe and successful anesthesia experience for your furry friend. References Vetlexicon. "Anesthesia in Epileptic Patient." Link

In this guide, we'll delve into the post-ictal phase of seizures in dogs, common behaviours to watch out for, and how you can provide support during this time. Understanding the Post-Ictal Phase The post-ictal phase, which follows the seizure event, is a critical period for your dog's recovery. During this time, the brain is in a state of recovery and restoration, attempting to regain normal function after the abnormal electrical activity that occurs during a seizure. While the duration and intensity of the post-ictal phase can vary depending on the individual dog and the severity of the seizure, it generally involves a series of physiological and behavioural changes. Neurological Recovery : The brain undergoes a process of neurological recovery during the post-ictal phase, with neurons working to return to their normal state. This can result in temporary neurological deficits, such as disorientation, confusion, or temporary blindness, as the brain functions slowly return to baseline. Metabolic Changes : Seizures can be physically taxing on the body, leading to metabolic changes and energy depletion. During the post-ictal phase, your dog may exhibit signs of fatigue, lethargy, or weakness as their body works to replenish lost energy stores and recover from the episode. Emotional and Behavioural Changes : Dogs may experience a range of emotional and behavioural changes during the post-ictal phase, including restlessness, anxiety, or agitation. They may seek comfort and reassurance from their owners or exhibit pacing, whining, or other signs of distress as they navigate through the recovery process. Increased Risk of Seizures : It's important to note that dogs are at an increased risk of experiencing additional seizures during the post-ictal phase. This period of vulnerability is known as the "cluster seizure" phenomenon, where multiple seizures occur within a short time frame. Monitoring your dog closely and providing appropriate care and support can help mitigate this risk. Gradual Resolution : In most cases, the symptoms of the post-ictal phase gradually resolve over time as the brain and body recover from the seizure episode. However, it's essential to monitor your dog closely during this time and seek veterinary attention if you notice any concerning or persistent symptoms. Common Behaviours Disorientation : Your dog may appear confused or disoriented, wandering aimlessly or having difficulty recognising familiar surroundings. Fatigue : Seizures can be physically and mentally exhausting for your dog, leading to increased sleepiness or lethargy during the post-ictal phase. Temporary Blindness : Some dogs may experience temporary blindness or impaired vision after a seizure, which usually resolves within a few hours. Increased Thirst and Hunger : Your dog may exhibit heightened thirst and hunger after a seizure, as their body attempts to recover and replenish lost fluids and energy. Restlessness or Anxiety : Your dog may exhibit restlessness or anxiety, pacing or whining, as they struggle to settle back into their normal routine. How to Support Your Dog Provide a Safe Environment : Ensure your dog is in a safe and comfortable environment, free from any potential hazards that could cause injury during their recovery period. Remove sharp objects or obstacles that could pose a risk, and consider using baby gates to confine your dog to a safe area if necessary. Offer Comfort and Reassurance : Comfort your dog with gentle strokes and reassuring words, helping to alleviate any anxiety or distress they may be experiencing. Create a calm and soothing atmosphere by dimming lights and reducing noise levels, which can help your dog relax and feel more secure. Monitor Vital Signs : Keep an eye on your dog's vital signs, such as breathing rate, heart rate, and body temperature, during the post-ictal phase. Any abnormal changes, such as difficulty breathing or excessive panting, should be promptly addressed by seeking veterinary care. Encourage Rest and Hydration : Encourage your dog to rest and drink plenty of water to help them recover from the seizure and prevent dehydration. Offer small, frequent meals to help replenish lost nutrients and energy, and ensure access to fresh water at all times. Follow Up with Your Veterinarian : Schedule a follow-up appointment with your veterinarian to discuss your dog's seizure episode and any ongoing treatment or management strategies. Your vet may recommend additional diagnostic tests, such as blood work or neurological exams, to identify any underlying causes of the seizures and develop an appropriate treatment plan. When to Seek Veterinary Care While most dogs recover from seizures without any long-term consequences, there are certain situations where veterinary care may be necessary: Seizure Duration : If your dog's seizure lasts longer than five minutes or if they experience multiple seizures within a short time frame, it's essential to seek immediate veterinary attention. Prolonged or clustered seizures can be life-threatening and require emergency medical intervention. Difficulty Breathing : If your dog experiences difficulty breathing or shows signs of respiratory distress during or after a seizure, seek veterinary care immediately. Respiratory complications can occur as a result of the seizure activity and may require prompt treatment to prevent further complications. Persistent Neurological Deficits : If your dog exhibits persistent neurological deficits, such as weakness or paralysis, following a seizure, it could indicate underlying brain damage or other serious complications. Contact your veterinarian for further evaluation and treatment options. Conclusion: Seizure Recovery: What to Expect For Your Dog After a Seizure And How to Help Them Understanding the post-ictal phase is crucial for providing the best possible care and support for your dog after a seizure. By recognising the physiological and behavioural changes that occur during this time and taking proactive measures to ensure your dog's comfort and safety, you can help them navigate through the recovery process with care and compassion.

When your dog experiences a seizure, its natural to want to help in any way you can. Ocular compression is a technique that may offer relief during epileptic episodes. Let's explore what ocular compression entails, when to use it, how to perform it safely, and its effectiveness in managing seizures in dogs. Understanding Canine Epilepsy Before we delve into ocular compression, it's essential to understand canine epilepsy. Dogs with epilepsy can have recurrent seizures, which vary in severity and frequency. Managing these seizures often involves a combination of medication, lifestyle adjustments, and sometimes, complementary techniques like ocular compression. What is Ocular Compression? During a seizure, the brain experiences abnormal electrical activity, which can manifest in various ways, including convulsions and loss of consciousness. Ocular compression involves gently applying pressure to your dog's eyes during a seizure. This technique is based on the concept of stimulating the vagus nerve, which plays a crucial role in regulating bodily functions, including seizure activity. This technique is believed to activate the parasympathetic nervous system, promoting relaxation and potentially halting the seizure process. The Research on Ocular Compression In a study published in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association ocular compression (OC) was used to treat 7 dogs with seizures. Treatment was accomplished by use of digital (finger) pressure applied to one or both eyes by veterinarians, hospital staff, or owners. Use of OC appeared to be efficacious for aborting seizures in 3 dogs, decreasing heart rate and causing muscle relaxation in 1 dog, and preventing onset of seizures in 2 other dogs. While the research remains limited, this form of non-invasive treatment shows great promise so its worth a try! How to Perform Ocular Compression: Stay Calm:  First and foremost, it's essential to remain calm. While we know it can be scary focus on the practical things you can do to help your dog. Positioning:  Gently place one hand on either side of your dog's head, with your fingers resting lightly on their closed eyelids. Apply Gentle Pressure:  Using your fingertips, apply gentle but firm pressure to your dog's closed eyelids. Pressing in and down. You want to exert enough pressure to stimulate the vagus nerve without causing discomfort. Hold and Monitor:  Maintain the pressure for about 10-30 seconds, monitoring your dog's response closely. You may notice a reduction in seizure activity or a quicker recovery period. Reassure and Comfort:  As the seizure subsides, continue to offer soothing words and gentle strokes to comfort your furry friend. Safety Considerations While ocular compression can be a useful technique for managing seizures, it's essential to prioritise safety. If your dog becomes aggressive or agitated during a seizure, do not attempt to perform ocular compression. Instead, focus on ensuring their environment is safe and free from hazards. Additionally, ocular compression should not be considered a substitute for emergency medication prescribed by your veterinarian. In Conclusion: Ocular Compression for Epileptic Dogs: A Gentle Technique for Seizure Management Ocular compression is a gentle and non-invasive technique that may offer relief during epileptic seizures in dogs. While its effectiveness is not yet fully understood, many pet owners find it to be a helpful addition to their seizure management toolkit. By understanding when to use ocular compression, how to perform it safely, and its limitations, you can be better prepared to support your dog.

Have you ever wondered if the dazzling auroras in the night sky could have a hidden impact on your dog's health? Solar storms, responsible for these beautiful displays, might also be linked to seizures in dogs. Many dog owners report anecdotally that seizure activity increases during times of solar storms. Let’s dive into the science behind this intriguing phenomenon and explore what you can do to protect your furry friend. What Are Solar Storms and Auroras? Solar storms, also known as geomagnetic storms, are disturbances in the Earth's magnetic field caused by the Sun’s activity. These storms occur when the Sun releases massive bursts of charged particles and electromagnetic radiation, known as coronal mass ejections (CMEs). When these CMEs interact with the Earth's magnetic field, they can create stunning auroras—known as the Northern and Southern Lights—and disrupt technologies like communication systems, power grids, and satellite operations. The Role of Earth's Electromagnetic Field The Earth’s magnetic field is a critical component of our planet’s environment, acting as a shield against harmful cosmic radiation and charged particles from the Sun. This magnetic field is generated by the movement of molten iron in the Earth’s outer core. It extends outward into space, forming the magnetosphere, which interacts with solar winds and other cosmic phenomena to protect life on Earth. How Solar Storms Interact with Living Organisms When solar storms disturb the Earth’s magnetic field, the effects can extend to living organisms, including humans and animals. Research suggests that solar storms might influence biological processes such as brain activity and neurological functions. For dogs, particularly those with epilepsy, these disturbances could potentially trigger seizures by interfering with the brain's electrical signals. Behavioural Changes in Animals During Solar Storms During periods of heightened solar activity, some pet owners have reported increased agitation, restlessness, and anxiety in their dogs and cats. Other observed behavioural changes include: Increased agitation and restlessness : During periods of heightened solar activity, some pet owners have reported increased agitation, restlessness, and anxiety in their dogs and cats. Changes in Feeding Patterns:  Fluctuations in the Earth's magnetic field have been linked to changes in feeding behaviour in birds and fish. Altered Social Interactions:  Solar storms may affect animals that rely on magnetic cues for navigation or communication, such as migratory birds and marine mammals. These behavioural changes are thought to stem from the animals' sensitivity to electromagnetic fields and their ability to detect subtle changes in the Earth's magnetic environment. Solar Storms, Melatonin, and Circadian Rhythms One theory is that solar storms disrupt melatonin production and circadian rhythms. Melatonin, produced by the pineal gland, regulates sleep and wake cycles. Disturbances in the Earth's magnetic field during solar storms may interfere with melatonin production, leading to increased oxidative stress and inflammation, which can affect neurological health. How Do Solar Storms or Auroras Trigger Seizures in Dogs? Canine epilepsy, or idiopathic epilepsy, is a neurological disorder characterised by recurrent seizures in dogs. The exact causes are not fully understood, but genetic and environmental factors play a role. During a solar storm, the Earth's magnetic field can become distorted, potentially affecting the brain's electrical activity and lowering the seizure threshold in dogs with epilepsy. Melatonin's role in seizure activity and epilepsy has been a focus of ongoing research. Dogs with epilepsy often have lower baseline levels of melatonin. The disruption in melatonin production during solar storms could contribute to triggering seizures. Protecting Your Dog from Solar Storms While the link between solar storms and seizures in dogs is still under investigation, you can take several steps to minimise potential impacts: Monitor Space Weather Reports:  Stay informed about upcoming solar storms and geomagnetic activity through reputable sources like the UK Met Office. Daily Supplements for Brain Health:  Consider supplements containing omega-3 fatty acids , MCT oil , antioxidants, and B vitamins to support brain health. Ketogenic Diet:  Adjust your dog's diet to a keto diet that includes lean protein, healthy fats, and low-glycemic carbs to support overall brain function and potentially reduce seizure risk. Provide a Safe Environment:  During periods of increased solar activity, create a calm, quiet space for your dog to reduce stress and potential seizure triggers. Consult Your Veterinarian:  Discuss the potential impact of solar storms with your vet. They may recommend adjusting medication or providing additional support during these periods. Try a Faraday Cage:  A Faraday cage can block external electromagnetic fields, potentially providing a shielded environment for your dog. Use a Grounding Mat:  Grounding mats can reduce the buildup of static electricity and electromagnetic radiation in your dog's surroundings. Try Energy Dots: although not fully tested or proven, energy dots have anecdotal evidence to help protect against changes in electromagnetic fields. You can try them for a low cost to see if they help at all. Ask About Melatonin:  Consult your vet about administering melatonin to your dog during solar storms to help regulate neuronal activity. Solar Storms and Other Biological Processes Beyond their potential impact on dogs, solar storms may influence other biological processes in various organisms: Circadian Rhythms:  Solar storms can disrupt natural sleep-wake cycles, affecting behaviour, metabolism, and overall health. Reproductive Cycles:  Changes in the Earth's magnetic field during solar storms have been linked to alterations in reproductive cycles and fertility rates in some animal populations. Plant Growth:  Some studies suggest solar storms may impact plant germination rates, growth patterns, and overall yield. Understanding the complex interplay between solar activity, the Earth's magnetic field, and biological systems is crucial for further research. Conclusion While the connection between solar storms and seizures in dogs is still being explored, it’s essential to stay informed and take proactive steps to protect your pet. By monitoring space weather, providing a stable environment, and consulting with your vet, you can help ensure your dog's well-being during these cosmic events. References: NASA: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/mag-storms.html NOAA: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/geomag/geomag.shtml Chernouss, S., et al. (2001). Biological effects of solar activity. Biofizika, 46(5), 926-936. Persinger, M. A. (1987). Geopsychology and geopsychopathology: Mental processes and disorders associated with geochemical and geophysical factors. Experientia, 43(1), 92-104. Epilepsy Foundation: https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/types-epilepsy-syndromes/canine-epilepsy Burch, J. B., et al. (2008). Shaking the tree: Recent advances in understanding the fundamentals of extremely low frequency effects on biological systems. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 295(5), R1535-R1542. NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/ Anecdotal reports from pet owners and online forums. Wilkinson, J., et al. (2019). Increased risk of developing migraines in people exposed to high levels of geomagnetic disturbances. Cephalalgia, 39(14), 1784-1793. Wiltschko, R., & Wiltschko, W. (2009). Avian navigation. The Auk, 126(4), 717-743. Anecdotal reports from pet owners and online forums. Scorza, F. A., et al. (2016). Omega-3 supplementation can afford neuroprotection in an animal model of epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior, 64, 51-57. Packer, R. M., et al. (2018). Dietary therapy for epilepsy in dogs and cats. The Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 48(1), 65-82. Epilepsy Foundation: https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/triggers-seizur es/stress-and-anxiety Veterinary Centers of America: https://vcahospitals.c om/know-your-pet/canine-epilepsy https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/supplement/melatonin Jones C, Huyton M, Hindley DMelatonin and epilepsy Archives of Disease in Childhood  2005; 90:1203. Jain S, Besag FM. Does melatonin affect epileptic seizures? Drug Saf. 2013 Apr;36(4):207-15. doi: 10.1007/s40264-013-0033-y. PMID: 23532506.

Veggies You Can Include in Your Epileptic Dog's Diet Feeding your epileptic dog a balanced diet is crucial for managing their condition and supporting overall health. This blog post is part of our series about the Best Diet For Canine Epilepsy, which gives tips and guidance on how to support your dog's overall health to ensure proper neurological function. By Including vegetables in your dogs' diet, you can provide essential nutrients and improve their health span. Why Dogs Need Vegetables Wild wolves, the ancestors of modern dogs, naturally consume grasses, berries, wild fruits, and vegetables. These plant-based foods provide fibre and a variety of nutritive substances not found in meat, bones, and organs. Vegetables support the microbiome, the community of beneficial bacteria in the gut, which is essential for overall health and well-being. If you want to learn more about the link between epilepsy and the microbiome, read our post about Canine Epilepsy and Gut Boosting Probiotics . Vegetables to Include in Your Dog’s Diet Here are some vegetables that can be included in your epileptic dog’s diet to promote health and longevity. You can steam, bake or put them in a pot. Carrots Carrots are rich in beta-carotene, which is converted to vitamin A in the body. Vitamin A supports eye health, boosts the immune system, and promotes healthy skin and coat. Carrots also provide fibre, which aids digestion and supports the microbiome. Cilantro / Corriander Cilantro is an excellent source of antioxidants, which help reduce inflammation and support overall health. It is also known to help detoxify the body, removing heavy metals and other toxins that can negatively impact health. Parsnips Parsnips are high in vitamins C and E, which are powerful antioxidants. They also provide dietary fibre, which supports digestive health and helps regulate blood sugar levels, which is beneficial for dogs with seizures. Fennel Fennel is rich in phytonutrients and antioxidants, including anethole, which has anti-inflammatory properties. It also aids digestion, reduces bloating, and supports overall gut health, essential for maintaining a healthy microbiome. Celery Celery is low in calories but high in vitamins A, C, and K, as well as folate and potassium. It has anti-inflammatory properties and supports heart health. The fibre in celery aids digestion and promotes a healthy gut. Curly Parsley Parsley is packed with vitamins A, C, and K, and it’s a good source of folate and iron. It has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which can help reduce inflammation and support overall health. Parsley is also known to freshen breath and support kidney health. Brussels Sprouts Brussels sprouts are high in vitamins C and K, and they contain antioxidants and fibre. They support the immune system, promote healthy digestion, and reduce inflammation, making them beneficial for dogs with epilepsy. Cucumbers Cucumbers are hydrating and low in calories. They provide vitamins K, C, and B1, as well as potassium and magnesium. Cucumbers help maintain hydration, support healthy skin, and provide antioxidants. Spinach Spinach is rich in vitamins A, C, and K, as well as folate, iron, and calcium. It contains flavonoids and carotenoids, which have antioxidant properties. Spinach supports the immune system, promotes healthy bones, and reduces inflammation. Broccoli Sprouts Broccoli sprouts are a powerhouse of nutrients, including sulforaphane, a compound with strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. They support detoxification, improve gut health, and boost the immune system. Mushrooms Certain mushrooms like shiitake, maitake, and reishi contain beta-glucans, which support the immune system. They also have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Mushrooms can help regulate blood sugar levels and improve overall health. Sweet Potato Sweet potatoes are rich in beta-carotene, vitamins A and C, and fibre. They support digestive health, boost the immune system, and promote healthy skin and coat. The complex carbohydrates in sweet potatoes provide a steady source of energy. Peas Peas are high in fibre, protein, and vitamins A, B, and K. They contain polyphenols, which have antioxidant properties. Peas support digestive health, regulate blood sugar levels, and provide essential nutrients. Conclusion: Vegetable Superfoods for Canine Health: The Best Diet For Canine Epilepsy Including a variety of vegetables in your epileptic dog’s diet can significantly enhance their health and longevity. These veggies provide essential nutrients, support the microbiome, and offer anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits. Always consult with your veterinarian before making significant changes to your dog’s diet, especially if they have specific health conditions like epilepsy.