Could Glutamate Be Triggering Your Dog’s Seizures? If your dog suffers from epilepsy, you may be searching for ways to reduce seizure frequency and improve their quality of life. While medication is often the first line of defence, diet can play a significant role in managing epilepsy. One of the most intriguing topics in this field is the role of glutamate — a common amino acid found in many foods and a key neurotransmitter in the brain. In this post, we’ll explore whether glutamate could be triggering your dog’s seizures and how dietary changes might help. What is Glutamate and Why Is It Important? Glutamate is the brain’s main excitatory neurotransmitter , which means it helps neurons (nerve cells) communicate by exciting them into action. It’s involved in important functions like learning and memory. However, when glutamate levels become too high, this excitement can go into overdrive, leading to a state of hyperexcitability in the brain. This hyperexcitability is known to be a key factor in triggering seizures in both humans and animals. In epilepsy, an imbalance between excitatory neurotransmitters like glutamate and inhibitory neurotransmitters (such as GABA , which calms neuron activity) may lead to recurrent seizures. Excess glutamate can tip the brain into an overactive, unstable state, potentially contributing to seizure activity. How Could Glutamate Be Affecting Your Dog’s Seizures? There is growing evidence that glutamate could be a potential trigger for seizures. While this has been more extensively studied in humans, the principles of how glutamate affects brain activity apply similarly to dogs. For example, Sarlo et. al. (2023)’s study “Investigation of the Low Glutamate Diet as an Adjunct Treatment for Pediatric Epilepsy" looked at how reducing dietary sources of glutamate might affect seizure control in children with epilepsy. Interestingly, this study did not find a statistically significant reduction in seizure frequency in the participants who followed a low-glutamate diet. However, what stood out was the improvement in non-seizure outcomes. Children on the low-glutamate diet experienced behavioural improvements, including reduced irritability, better attention, and improved emotional regulation, which in turn contributed to a better quality of life for both the children and their caregivers. This finding is significant because it suggests that even if reducing glutamate doesn’t always stop seizures outright, it may help alleviate some of the behavioural distress that often accompanies epilepsy. This could be especially relevant for dogs, where behavioural symptoms such as anxiety and agitation are common comorbidities of epilepsy. How Does Glutamate from Food Contribute to Seizures? Glutamate is naturally present in many protein-rich foods, such as meat, dairy, and plant-based sources like soy and corn. It is also commonly used as a food additive, particularly in the form of monosodium glutamate (MSG) , which can raise glutamate levels in the brain. In dogs that are sensitive to dietary glutamate, eating foods rich in glutamate or containing additives like MSG might exacerbate their condition, leading to more frequent or severe seizures. However, it’s important to distinguish between free glutamate and bound glutamate . Glutamate naturally bound to proteins in whole foods like meats is processed differently by the body compared to free glutamate, which is present in processed foods and additives like MSG. When glutamate is bound to proteins, as in natural, whole meats, it is released more slowly during digestion, giving the body time to regulate its levels. Free glutamate , on the other hand, is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream, leading to a quick spike in glutamate levels in the brain. This sudden increase in glutamate can contribute to the brain’s hyperexcitability, making it more likely to trigger seizures. This is why processed meats (such as deli meats, sausages, or foods containing added flavour enhancers) can be more problematic than fresh, unprocessed meat. Meat and Glutamate: Why Whole, Unprocessed Foods Are Best Many dog owners worry that feeding their pets meat may increase glutamate levels and worsen seizures. However, high-quality, whole meats are not the primary concern. In fact, fresh meats contain bound glutamate, which is absorbed and metabolised in a more regulated manner than free glutamate found in processed foods. When feeding your dog meat, it’s essential to focus on whole, unprocessed meat from high quality sources. The issue lies not with meat itself but with processed meats that may contain MSG, hydrolysed proteins, or other additives high in free glutamate. These ingredients can rapidly increase glutamate levels in the brain and are much more likely to cause issues. For example, when choosing between a processed sausage or fresh chicken breast, the fresh chicken breast is a better option because it contains naturally bound glutamate, which is released slowly and doesn’t spike brain levels of glutamate like processed meats might. Always opt for high-quality cuts of meat without artificial flavour enhancers or preservatives. What the G.A.R.D. Tells Us About Diet and Epilepsy The Glutamate-Aspartate Restricted Diet (G.A.R.D.), as described in Food Intolerance, Epilepsy, and The G.A.R.D., suggests that restricting glutamate and aspartate in the diet may help reduce seizure frequency and improve overall neurological health. This diet targets common food intolerances to ingredients rich in glutamate, such as gluten, casein (from dairy), soy, and corn. Although direct evidence in dogs is limited, many dog owners report that switching their epileptic pets to a low-glutamate diet (which is often achieved by using a keto diet) has reduced seizure frequency or improved behaviour. The G.A.R.D. diet emphasises eliminating foods that may be overstimulating the nervous system and replacing them with ingredients that are less likely to contribute to neuronal hyperexcitability. Could a Low-Glutamate Diet Improve Behavioural Symptoms in Dogs? While reducing glutamate in the diet might not stop seizures entirely, it could help with behavioural symptoms like anxiety, aggression, and hyperactivity—all of which are common in dogs with epilepsy. As highlighted in the low-glutamate diet study, even if the seizures remain, improvements in behaviour can dramatically enhance the quality of life for both the dog and its owner. Dogs with epilepsy are often highly sensitive to stress and environmental changes. By stabilising their behaviour through dietary interventions, you might be able to create a calmer, more predictable environment for your dog. This could reduce the frequency of seizure triggers, which are often linked to stress and anxiety. Steps to Consider in Reducing Glutamate in Your Dog’s Diet Identify High-Glutamate Foods: The most common and highest ranked culprits on the list are processed foods and preservatives, particularly those containing MSG or other flavour enhancers. Common foods that are high in glutamate include gluten-containing grains (like wheat), dairy products (especially aged cheese), soy, and corn. Focus on Whole Foods: Fresh meats, like chicken or lamb, are great options, as they contain bound glutamate, which is metabolised more slowly. Avoid processed meats like sausages or deli meats that often contain added free glutamate in the form of MSG or flavour enhancers. Monitor for Changes: Keep a seizure diary and note any changes in your dog’s behaviour or seizure frequency after modifying their diet. Improvements might not happen overnight, but tracking any trends can help guide your approach. Consult with Your Vet: Before making any major dietary changes, it’s essential to consult with your vet or a veterinary nutritionist. They can help ensure that your dog’s diet remains balanced and that you’re meeting all of your dog’s nutritional needs. In Summary: Can Glutamate Trigger Seizures in Dogs with Epilepsy? Glutamate is a powerful neurotransmitter that plays a critical role in brain function, but could glutamate trigger seizures in dogs with epilepsy? While reducing glutamate in the diet may not always result in fewer seizures, it could help improve behavioural symptoms and overall quality of life. The evidence from studies on low-glutamate diets in humans, particularly children, and the anecdotal reports from dog owners, suggest that this approach is worth exploring, especially for dogs that are sensitive to food intolerances. Importantly, not all glutamate is created equal. Whole, unprocessed meats containing bound glutamate are not what is referred to when speaking about glutamate as a potential trigger, and in fact plays a large role in epilepsy management as part of a ketogenic diet. Therefore, feeding your dog high-quality, whole food ingredients is key to managing glutamate intake while still providing them with the nutrition they need. For dog owners managing epilepsy, a low-glutamate diet offers a promising, non-invasive way to potentially reduce stress, anxiety, and behavioural distress. While the research is still ongoing, taking a closer look at your dog’s diet and consulting with a vet could lead to improvements in both seizure management and behaviour. References: Yudkoff, Marc, et al. "Ketosis and brain handling of glutamate, glutamine, and GABA." *Epilepsia* 49 (2008): 73-75. Barker-Haliski, Melissa, and H. Steve White. "Glutamatergic mechanisms associated with seizures and epilepsy." *Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine* 5.8 (2015): a022863. Chen, Tsang-Shan, et al. "The role of glutamate receptors in epilepsy." *Biomedicines* 11.3 (2023): 783. Doherty, James, and Raymond Dingledine. "The roles of metabotropic glutamate receptors in seizures and epilepsy." *Current Drug Targets-CNS & Neurological Disorders* 1.3 (2002): 251-260. Chapman, Astrid G. "Glutamate and epilepsy." *The Journal of nutrition* 130.4 (2000): 1043S-1045S. Sarlo, Gabrielle L., Amy Kao, and Kathleen F. Holton. "Investigation of the low glutamate diet as an adjunct treatment for pediatric epilepsy: A pilot randomized controlled trial." *Seizure: European Journal of Epilepsy* 106 (2023): 138-147. Yudkoff, Marc, et al. "The ketogenic diet and brain metabolism of amino acids: relationship to the anticonvulsant effect." *Annu. Rev. Nutr.* 27.1 (2007): 415-430. Yudkoff, Marc, et al. "Ketogenic diet, brain glutamate metabolism and seizure control." *Prostaglandins, leukotrienes and essential fatty acids* 70.3 (2004): 277-285. Zhang, Yifan, et al. "The anticonvulsant effects of ketogenic diet on epileptic seizures and potential mechanisms." *Current neuropharmacology* 16.1 (2018): 66-70. Olson, Christine A., et al. "The gut microbiota mediates the anti-seizure effects of the ketogenic diet." *Cell* 173.7 (2018): 1728-1741. Symes, John B. "Food intolerance, epilepsy, and" the GARD"[glutamate-aspartate restricted diet]." (2007): 66-68. Symes, John B. "Idiopathic epilepsy-the dietary solution." (2008): 88-90. Schmidt, Teresa, et al. "Urinary neurotransmitter patterns are altered in canine epilepsy." *Frontiers in veterinary science* 9 (2022): 893013. Verdoodt, Fien, et al. "The role of nutrition in canine idiopathic epilepsy management: Fact or fiction?." *The Veterinary Journal* 290 (2022): 105917. Schmidt, T., Meller, S., Meyerhoff, N., Twele, F., Zanghi, B., & Volk, H. A. (2023). STUDY PROTOCOL. Vendramini, Thiago HA, et al. "Ketogenic diets: A systematic review of current scientific evidence and possible applicability in dogs and cats." *Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition* 108.2 (2024): 541-556. Peek, Saskia I., et al. "Epilepsy is more than a simple seizure disorder: Parallels between human and canine cognitive and behavioural comorbidities." *The Veterinary Journal* 303 (2024): 106060. Coates, Joan R., and Robert L. Bergman. "Seizures in young dogs and cats: pathophysiology and diagnosis." *seizure* 5 (2005): 18.

The Science Behind Glutamate and Seizures: The Brain Chemistry of Dogs with Epilepsy If you have a dog with epilepsy, you’ve likely come across many technical terms while researching how to help manage their condition. One of the key players in the brain that’s often mentioned in relation to seizures is glutamate. In this post, we’ll explore what glutamate is, how it affects your dog’s brain, and how it might be involved in triggering seizures. We’ll also look at how different treatments could help manage this process. By the end, you’ll have a better understanding of glutamate’s role in epilepsy and how this knowledge can help in caring for your dog. What is Glutamate? Glutamate is a chemical messenger (called a neurotransmitter) that helps brain cells communicate with each other. Think of it as the brain’s “on switch”—it makes brain cells more active and helps them send signals to one another. In everyday situations, glutamate is essential for things like learning and memory. But, when there’s too much glutamate in the brain, it can overstimulate brain cells, causing them to fire uncontrollably. This can lead to seizures. Glutamate and Seizures: What’s the Connection? Seizures happen when the brain’s normal electrical activity becomes chaotic. Normally, the brain maintains a balance between excitatory signals (those that make brain cells more active, like glutamate) and inhibitory signals (those that calm things down, like a chemical called GABA). When there’s too much glutamate, or the brain isn’t getting enough calming signals from GABA, it can lead to a hyperexcitable state, where the brain becomes prone to seizures. Glutamate Receptors: How Glutamate Affects Brain Cells Glutamate can’t affect brain cells all by itself. It needs to bind to special structures on the surface of brain cells called receptors. Think of receptors as locks, and glutamate as the key that unlocks them. When glutamate binds to these receptors, it activates the brain cell, causing it to fire an electrical signal. There are several types of glutamate receptors, each playing a role in brain function. To understand epilepsy, we need to look at how these receptors contribute to seizures: 1. NMDA Receptors: The Fire Starters NMDA receptors are like powerful switches. When glutamate binds to NMDA receptors, it opens the floodgates for calcium to enter the brain cell. A little calcium is helpful because it strengthens communication between brain cells. But too much calcium can be harmful—it can overexcite the cell, making it fire uncontrollably, which can lead to a seizure. Some anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) target NMDA receptors to prevent them from becoming overstimulated. For example, Felbamate is a drug that can block NMDA receptors, helping to prevent seizures from getting worse. 2. AMPA Receptors: The Rapid Responders AMPA receptors are responsible for quick communication between brain cells. When glutamate binds to these receptors, they open up and let in sodium, which helps brain cells send fast signals. This rapid firing is important for quick thinking, but when AMPA receptors get overstimulated, it can lead to a domino effect—causing more and more brain cells to fire, potentially leading to a seizure. Some drugs, such as Perampanel for humans, work by blocking AMPA receptors, helping to slow down the fast chain reaction of brain activity that can trigger seizures. 3. Kainate Receptors: The Slow Burners Kainate receptors work in a similar way to AMPA receptors, but they tend to act more slowly and are often involved in long-term brain changes. When kainate receptors are overstimulated, they can cause prolonged seizure-like activity, especially in brain regions like the hippocampus, which is involved in memory and often affected by epilepsy. Some experimental treatments are looking at how to block kainate receptors to prevent them from contributing to long-lasting seizure activity, though more research is still needed in this area. 4. Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors (mGluRs): The Modulators Unlike the other receptors, which work like on/off switches, metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) act more like dimmer switches. They don’t directly cause the brain cell to fire, but they modulate (adjust) how excitable the brain cell is. Some mGluRs make the cell more excitable, while others calm things down, making them important for balancing brain activity. Drugs that target mGluRs could help fine-tune brain activity. For example, drugs that reduce the activity of Group I mGluRs (which increase excitability) or enhance the activity of Group II/III mGluRs (which reduce excitability) are being studied as potential treatments for epilepsy. How Does This Affect Your Dog? For dogs with epilepsy, the brain’s glutamate receptors can become overactive, making it easier for seizures to occur. Many anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) work by targeting these glutamate receptors to calm down brain activity and stop seizures from spreading. Ketogenic Diet: A Natural Approach to Targeting Glutamate In addition to medication, another promising way to manage epilepsy in dogs is through dietary changes, particularly the ketogenic diet. This high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet has been used for nearly a century to help manage seizures, in both humans and dogs with epilepsy. The ketogenic diet forces the body to burn fat for energy instead of carbohydrates, producing ketones as a byproduct. These ketones act as an alternative fuel for the brain and are thought to reduce excitatory brain activity by several mechanisms: Lowering glutamate levels: The ketogenic diet may reduce the amount of glutamate in the brain, helping to restore the balance between excitatory (glutamate) and inhibitory (GABA) signals. Increasing GABA production : Some studies suggest that ketosis (the state your dog’s body enters on a ketogenic diet) helps increase the production of GABA, which has a calming effect on the brain. Improving mitochondrial function: Ketones are a more efficient fuel source for brain cells, helping them function better and reducing the risk of excitotoxic damage caused by excessive glutamate. How it relates to treatment: While not all dogs are suitable for a ketogenic diet, it is worth discussing with your vet if your dog has drug-resistant epilepsy. Medium-chain triglyceride (MCT)-enriched diets are also a popular variation of the ketogenic diet, offering similar benefits while being easier to incorporate into a dog’s meal plan. What You Can Do for Your Dog If your dog has epilepsy, it’s important to work with your vet to find the best treatment plan. While medication is often necessary, diet can also play a role. Alongside anti-epileptic drugs, dietary interventions like a ketogenic or low-glutamate diet may offer additional support for seizure control. Always consult your vet before making dietary changes or adjusting your dog’s treatment plan. In Summary: Understanding the Science Behind Glutamate and Seizures Glutamate is a critical chemical in your dog’s brain, helping brain cells communicate. But when glutamate levels get too high or its receptors become overstimulated, it can lead to seizures. Different glutamate receptors—such as NMDA, AMPA, kainate, and mGluRs—play unique roles in how brain cells react to glutamate, and many anti-epileptic drugs aim to block or modulate these receptors to calm down the brain. In addition to medication, dietary changes like the ketogenic diet may also help by lowering glutamate levels and increasing calming GABA signals. Understanding these mechanisms helps explain why some treatments work and offers hope for more targeted therapies in the future. For dog owners, this knowledge can also empower you to explore different treatment and dietary options to improve your dog’s quality of life. References: Yudkoff, Marc, et al. "Ketosis and brain handling of glutamate, glutamine, and GABA." *Epilepsia* 49 (2008): 73-75. Barker-Haliski, Melissa, and H. Steve White. "Glutamatergic mechanisms associated with seizures and epilepsy." *Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine* 5.8 (2015): a022863. Chen, Tsang-Shan, et al. "The role of glutamate receptors in epilepsy." *Biomedicines* 11.3 (2023): 783. Doherty, James, and Raymond Dingledine. "The roles of metabotropic glutamate receptors in seizures and epilepsy." *Current Drug Targets-CNS & Neurological Disorders* 1.3 (2002): 251-260. Chapman, Astrid G. "Glutamate and epilepsy." *The Journal of nutrition* 130.4 (2000): 1043S-1045S. Sarlo, Gabrielle L., Amy Kao, and Kathleen F. Holton. "Investigation of the low glutamate diet as an adjunct treatment for pediatric epilepsy: A pilot randomized controlled trial." *Seizure: European Journal of Epilepsy* 106 (2023): 138-147. Yudkoff, Marc, et al. "The ketogenic diet and brain metabolism of amino acids: relationship to the anticonvulsant effect." *Annu. Rev. Nutr.* 27.1 (2007): 415-430. Yudkoff, Marc, et al. "Ketogenic diet, brain glutamate metabolism and seizure control." *Prostaglandins, leukotrienes and essential fatty acids* 70.3 (2004): 277-285. Zhang, Yifan, et al. "The anticonvulsant effects of ketogenic diet on epileptic seizures and potential mechanisms." *Current neuropharmacology* 16.1 (2018): 66-70. Olson, Christine A., et al. "The gut microbiota mediates the anti-seizure effects of the ketogenic diet." *Cell* 173.7 (2018): 1728-1741. Symes, John B. "Food intolerance, epilepsy, and" the GARD"[glutamate-aspartate restricted diet]." (2007): 66-68. Symes, John B. "Idiopathic epilepsy-the dietary solution." (2008): 88-90. Schmidt, Teresa, et al. "Urinary neurotransmitter patterns are altered in canine epilepsy." *Frontiers in veterinary science* 9 (2022): 893013. Verdoodt, Fien, et al. "The role of nutrition in canine idiopathic epilepsy management: Fact or fiction?." *The Veterinary Journal* 290 (2022): 105917. Schmidt, T., Meller, S., Meyerhoff, N., Twele, F., Zanghi, B., & Volk, H. A. (2023). STUDY PROTOCOL. Vendramini, Thiago HA, et al. "Ketogenic diets: A systematic review of current scientific evidence and possible applicability in dogs and cats." *Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition* 108.2 (2024): 541-556. Peek, Saskia I., et al. "Epilepsy is more than a simple seizure disorder: Parallels between human and canine cognitive and behavioural comorbidities." *The Veterinary Journal* 303 (2024): 106060. Coates, Joan R., and Robert L. Bergman. "Seizures in young dogs and cats: pathophysiology and diagnosis." *seizure* 5 (2005): 18.

If your dog has epilepsy, you’ve probably come across a range of treatment options, from medications to diet changes. One dietary approach that’s been shown to help with epilepsy in humans—and is gaining attention for dogs—is the ketogenic diet. But how exactly does this high-fat diet affect your dog’s brain, and how could it help control seizures? In this post, we’ll take a look at why ketogenic diets are the best food for dogs with seizures, and explain how it works, particularly in relation to glutamate, a key chemical in the brain. We’ll also explore how the diet helps balance other important brain chemicals to reduce the chance of seizures. What is a Ketogenic Diet? The ketogenic diet (often called the "keto diet") is a special eating plan that’s high in fats, low in carbohydrates (like sugars), and moderate in protein. Normally, the body uses glucose (sugar) from carbohydrates for energy. But on a keto diet, because you’re eating very few carbs, your body switches to using fat for fuel. When this happens, the liver produces ketones from fat, and these ketones become the brain’s main energy source instead of glucose. This shift in how the body uses energy doesn’t just help with weight loss—it also changes how the brain handles key chemicals, particularly glutamate, which can be involved in triggering seizures. How Does the Ketogenic Diet Help With Seizures? One of the main ways the ketogenic diet helps with epilepsy is by balancing two key brain chemicals: glutamate and GABA. Glutamate is a chemical in the brain that makes brain cells more active. You can think of it as the “on switch” for brain signals. However, too much glutamate can cause overexcitement in the brain, which is often linked to seizures. GABA , on the other hand, works as the “off switch”. It calms the brain down, stopping brain cells from firing too much and preventing overstimulation. In a healthy brain, there’s a balance between these two chemicals. But in epilepsy, too much glutamate can overstimulate the brain, leading to seizures. The ketogenic diet helps restore this balance by lowering glutamate levels and increasing GABA. Here’s how it works. 1. Turning Glutamate Into GABA Normally, the brain needs both glutamate and GABA to function properly. But in epilepsy, the brain often has too much glutamate, and not enough GABA to calm things down. One of the key effects of the ketogenic diet is that it helps the brain convert more glutamate into GABA. This is important because it means there’s less glutamate around to overstimulate the brain and more GABA to help keep the brain calm. Researchers have found that the ketones produced by the ketogenic diet speed up this process, making the conversion from glutamate to GABA happen more efficiently. This shift helps to balance out brain activity and makes seizures less likely to happen. 2. Clearing Away Excess Glutamate Another important way the ketogenic diet helps is by making the brain more efficient at clearing away excess glutamate. Normally, the brain uses special cells, called astrocytes, to remove extra glutamate and recycle it. When too much glutamate builds up, it can overstimulate the brain, leading to seizures. The ketogenic diet makes astrocytes work harder and faster to clear out excess glutamate, reducing the risk of glutamate overload. This helps keep the brain in a more balanced state, where it’s less likely to have a seizure. 3. Shifting the Balance in Favour of GABA The ketogenic diet doesn’t just lower glutamate levels—it also helps the brain produce more GABA. Under normal conditions, some glutamate is turned into aspartate, another chemical that can make brain cells more excitable. But on a keto diet, the brain shifts away from making aspartate and directs more glutamate toward producing GABA instead. This further tips the balance toward calmness and stability in the brain, reducing the chances of seizures by keeping brain activity under control. 4. Protecting the Brain From Damage In addition to balancing glutamate and GABA, the ketogenic diet helps protect the brain from damage caused by oxidative stress. Oxidative stress happens when harmful molecules, called free radicals, build up in the brain and damage brain cells. Seizures themselves can cause this kind of damage, which makes future seizures more likely. Ketones, which are produced during ketosis, have been shown to reduce the production of free radicals, helping to protect brain cells from damage. By lowering oxidative stress, the ketogenic diet can help keep the brain healthier and more resilient against seizures. 5. Boosting Brain Energy The brain needs a constant supply of energy to function properly, and the ketogenic diet helps provide that energy more efficiently. Normally, the brain relies on glucose for energy, but glucose isn’t always the most efficient fuel source, especially during seizures. Ketones, on the other hand, provide a cleaner and more efficient energy source for the brain. This means that brain cells can produce energy with less waste and less oxidative stress. This improved energy production helps the brain function better and reduces the risk of seizures caused by overstimulation. 6. Helping Brain Cells Stay Stable The ketogenic diet also helps keep brain cells more stable. When brain cells are overstimulated, they fire off too many signals, which can trigger a seizure. Ketones help brain cells stay stable by influencing certain channels in the brain (called potassium ATP channels), which help maintain the electrical balance of cells. When these channels are activated, they make the brain cells less likely to fire uncontrollably. This effect, combined with the lower levels of glutamate and higher levels of GABA. Understanding Glutamate in Meat: Should You Be Concerned? For some people, the idea of a low-glutamate diet can raise concerns about whether meat, a key part of the ketogenic diet, is safe to feed their dog. There is often a misconception or concern about certain meats from specific animals being "high in glutamate" and risky for their dogs. It’s true that glutamate is naturally found in many protein-rich foods, including meats, but there’s an important distinction to understand. When people worry about high glutamate levels in food, they are often concerned about free glutamate, which is glutamate that’s not bound to proteins. Free glutamate is rapidly absorbed by the body and may quickly increase glutamate levels in the brain, which has been theorised to be a concern for those with epilepsy. However, whole, unprocessed meats contain bound glutamate, which is tied to proteins and is released much more slowly during digestion. This means it doesn’t cause a sudden spike in brain glutamate levels like processed foods can, removing any potential concern around glutamate. In fact, low-glutamate diets suggest having high quality, unprocessed whole meat and vegetables as a large base of the diet. The real concern comes from processed meats—like sausages, deli meats, or foods with added flavour enhancers, such as monosodium glutamate (MSG). These processed meats often contain higher levels of free glutamate, which might increase excitatory brain activity and potentially trigger seizures. Other potential concerns in diet include gluten, aged dairy products, soy, and corn, especially when these ingredients are used in processed forms found in many of our food products. In contrast, high-quality, fresh meats are a safe and important part of the ketogenic diet for dogs with epilepsy. Not only do they provide the protein and fat necessary for ketosis, but the ketogenic diet also helps regulate glutamate levels by converting it into GABA, calming brain activity. So, if you're concerned about glutamate, focus on feeding your dog whole, unprocessed meats—not only are they a great fit for the keto diet, but they also avoid the risks associated with processed foods. Is the Ketogenic Diet Right for Your Dog? The ketogenic diet could be a helpful addition to your dog’s epilepsy treatment plan, especially if your dog’s seizures are not fully controlled by medication alone. However, it’s important to work closely with your vet to make sure the diet is safe and balanced for your dog’s specific needs. Certain dogs with preexisting conditions such as pancreatitis may not be able to follow this diet, so it is always best to check with your vet. In addition to a keto diet, you can boost ketosis by introducing Medium-Chain Triglycerides (MCTs). These fats are quickly turned into ketones by the liver and can provide many of the benefits of ketosis without the need for a strict low-carbohydrate diet. In Summary Keto Diets are the Best Food for Dogs with Seizures The ketogenic diet offers a unique way to help manage epilepsy by changing how the brain uses energy and balancing key brain chemicals like glutamate and GABA. By reducing glutamate levels, increasing GABA, and protecting the brain from damage, the ketogenic diet helps create a more stable brain environment that’s less likely to trigger seizures. If your dog suffers from epilepsy, especially if they have drug-resistant seizures, the ketogenic diet—alone or in combination with an MCT-enriched diet—is worth exploring with your vet. References: Yudkoff, Marc, et al. "Ketosis and brain handling of glutamate, glutamine, and GABA." *Epilepsia* 49 (2008): 73-75. Barker-Haliski, Melissa, and H. Steve White. "Glutamatergic mechanisms associated with seizures and epilepsy." *Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine* 5.8 (2015): a022863. Chen, Tsang-Shan, et al. "The role of glutamate receptors in epilepsy." *Biomedicines* 11.3 (2023): 783. Doherty, James, and Raymond Dingledine. "The roles of metabotropic glutamate receptors in seizures and epilepsy." *Current Drug Targets-CNS & Neurological Disorders* 1.3 (2002): 251-260. Chapman, Astrid G. "Glutamate and epilepsy." *The Journal of nutrition* 130.4 (2000): 1043S-1045S. Sarlo, Gabrielle L., Amy Kao, and Kathleen F. Holton. "Investigation of the low glutamate diet as an adjunct treatment for pediatric epilepsy: A pilot randomized controlled trial." *Seizure: European Journal of Epilepsy* 106 (2023): 138-147. Yudkoff, Marc, et al. "The ketogenic diet and brain metabolism of amino acids: relationship to the anticonvulsant effect." *Annu. Rev. Nutr.* 27.1 (2007): 415-430. Yudkoff, Marc, et al. "Ketogenic diet, brain glutamate metabolism and seizure control." *Prostaglandins, leukotrienes and essential fatty acids* 70.3 (2004): 277-285. Zhang, Yifan, et al. "The anticonvulsant effects of ketogenic diet on epileptic seizures and potential mechanisms." *Current neuropharmacology* 16.1 (2018): 66-70. Olson, Christine A., et al. "The gut microbiota mediates the anti-seizure effects of the ketogenic diet." *Cell* 173.7 (2018): 1728-1741. Symes, John B. "Food intolerance, epilepsy, and" the GARD"[glutamate-aspartate restricted diet]." (2007): 66-68. Symes, John B. "Idiopathic epilepsy-the dietary solution." (2008): 88-90. Schmidt, Teresa, et al. "Urinary neurotransmitter patterns are altered in canine epilepsy." *Frontiers in veterinary science* 9 (2022): 893013. Verdoodt, Fien, et al. "The role of nutrition in canine idiopathic epilepsy management: Fact or fiction?." *The Veterinary Journal* 290 (2022): 105917. Schmidt, T., Meller, S., Meyerhoff, N., Twele, F., Zanghi, B., & Volk, H. A. (2023). STUDY PROTOCOL. Vendramini, Thiago HA, et al. "Ketogenic diets: A systematic review of current scientific evidence and possible applicability in dogs and cats." *Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition* 108.2 (2024): 541-556. Peek, Saskia I., et al. "Epilepsy is more than a simple seizure disorder: Parallels between human and canine cognitive and behavioural comorbidities." *The Veterinary Journal* 303 (2024): 106060. Coates, Joan R., and Robert L. Bergman. "Seizures in young dogs and cats: pathophysiology and diagnosis." *seizure* 5 (2005): 18. Bough, K.J.; Gudi, K.; Han, F.T.; Rathod, A.H.; Eagles, D.A. An anticonvulsant profile of the ketogenic diet in the rat. *Epilepsy Res.,* **2002**, *50*(3), 313-325. Melø, T.M., Nehlig, A., Sonnewald, U., 2006. Neuronal-glial interactions in rats fed a ketogenic diet. Neurochemistry International 48, 498-507. Maalouf, M.; Sullivan, P.G.; Davis, L.; Kim, D.Y.; Rho, J.M. Ke- tones inhibit mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species production following glutamate excitotoxicity by increasing NADH oxidation. Neuroscience, 2007, 145(1), 256-264. Erecinska M, Nelson D, Daikhin Y, Yudkoff M. Regulation of GABA level in rat brain synaptosomes: fluxes through enzymes of the GABA shunt and effects of glutamate, calcium and ketone bodies. J Neurochem. 1996; 67:2325–34. Juge, N., Gray, J.A., Omote, H., Miyaji, T., Inoue, T., Hara, C., Uneyama, H., Edwards, R.H., Nicoll, R.A., Moriyama, Y., 2010. Metabolic control of vesicular glutamate transport and release. Neuron 68, 99-112. Tanner, G.R.; Lutas, A.; Martínez-François, J.R.; Yellen, G. Single K ATP channel opening in response to action potential firing in mouse dentate granule neurons. J. Neurosci., 2011, 31(23), 8689- 8696.

Canine epilepsy is a condition that affects many dogs, causing recurrent seizures and posing challenges for both pets and their owners. When witnessing your dog experience a seizure, it's natural to feel overwhelmed and uncertain about the best course of action. While medical intervention is essential in managing epilepsy, there has been some discussion about the potential benefits of using sugar or honey as a post-seizure treatment. In this article, we'll delve into this topic, exploring how sugar or honey can be beneficial for dogs with epilepsy and their overall health. Understanding Canine Epilepsy Epilepsy in dogs is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. These seizures can vary in intensity and duration, causing distress to both the dog and its owner. It's important to note that epilepsy in dogs should always be diagnosed and treated by a qualified veterinarian, as they can provide proper guidance and medication tailored to your pet's specific needs. The Role of Sugar and Honey Sugar and honey have been suggested as potential remedies to help dogs recover after a seizure. The rationale behind this lies in their ability to rapidly increase blood sugar levels. Seizures can deplete glucose stores in the body, leading to a condition called hypoglycemia, which can further exacerbate the dog's post-seizure weakness and disorientation. By providing a quick source of energy, sugar or honey may assist in replenishing the depleted glucose levels, aiding the dog's recovery. How to Administer Sugar or Honey If your dog experiences a seizure, it's crucial to ensure their safety by moving them away from any potential hazards. Once the seizure has ended, and the dog begins to regain consciousness, you can consider offering a small amount of sugar or honey. The recommended dosage is approximately one teaspoon of sugar or honey for small to medium-sized dogs, while larger dogs may benefit from up to one tablespoon. It's important to monitor the dog closely after administration and contact your veterinarian if any concerns arise. Precautions and Considerations While sugar or honey may provide short-term benefits for a dog after a seizure, it's essential to approach this treatment method with caution. Certain dogs may have specific dietary requirements or medical conditions that restrict their sugar or honey intake. It's crucial to consult with your veterinarian before incorporating sugar or honey into your dog's post-seizure routine to ensure it aligns with their overall health needs. Conclusion: Honey and Sugar for Dogs with Epilepsy Managing canine epilepsy requires a comprehensive approach that combines medical intervention, lifestyle adjustments, and supportive care. While sugar or honey may offer a temporary boost to blood sugar levels after a seizure, it's important to prioritize your dog's overall health and work closely with your veterinarian to develop an appropriate treatment plan. By understanding the potential benefits and limitations of sugar or honey as a post-seizure treatment, you can make informed decisions that promote your dog's well-being and quality of life.

When managing canine epilepsy, incorporating MCT (Medium-Chain Triglyceride) oils into your dog's diet can provide potential benefits. MCT oils are a rich source of healthy fats supporting brain health and providing a readily available energy source. This informative blog post we will explore the research supporting MCT Oil as an effective intervention and what to look for when selecting the right product for your dog. What is MCT Oil? MCT is short for Medium Chain Triglycerides. As the name suggests, MCTs are medium-length triglycerides, which are a type of fat. MCT oil is extracted from food sources of MCTs, the most prevalent source being coconut oil. What makes MCTs unique is that they are shorter than longer-chain fatty acids found in many foods like fish, meat, eggs, milk and some plants like microalgae. Our bodies, and our dogs’, find MCT's easier to absorb and convert into energy. Research on MCT Oil for Dogs Your vet may have told you about MCT Oil and the promise its holds. A recent study monitoring twenty-two dogs with idiopathic epilepsy showed that adding the oil as a daily food supplement decreases seizure frequency. What Did the Researchers Actually Find? As a result of feeding the diet for 84 days, the mean seizure day rate significantly declined by 42%. 9.5% of dogs became seizure-free. 42.9% of dogs had ≥50% reduction in seizure days. Overall, 16 of 21 dogs (76.2%) experienced fewer seizure days with the test diet. Another study on epileptic dogs who had suffered complications affecting their memory and ability to learn saw improvement in Memory Problem-solving abilities and, Trainability So How do MCT’s Help Reduce Seizure Frequency? MCT’s are commonly associated with putting the body into ketosis. Ketosis happens when the body burns fat instead of carbohydrates for energy, producing ketones that the brain can use as a source of energy. According to the initial study, “Although the exact mechanism of action of MCTs is not fully known, proposed mechanisms include provision of an alternative energy supply to the brain (energy metabolism is insufficient in epileptic dogs), global changes in lipid metabolism and effects on cerebral neurotransmitters." The researchers also pointed out that, "the mechanism of action of the traditional ketogenic diets, as well as diets containing MCTs, goes beyond ketone production. Medium chain fatty acids are efficient in crossing the blood-brain barrier, unlike long chain fatty acids, and can be directly oxidized in the brain." What Should You Look For in an MCT Oil Product? Not all products are created equal when it comes to MCT Oil. You want to give your pup the best chance of recovery, so look for the following when choosing which product you give your dog. High MCT Content Select a product that has a minimum of 90% medium-chain triglycerides. Oil high in Caprylic Acid (C:8) These acids are the most easily digestible and provide the best effects. Sustainably Sourced As MCT comes from coconuts and palm oil, look for sustainable options that don’t contribute to deforestation. Choose MCT Oil over MCT Powder Some powders contain carrier starches and unnecessary carbohydrate fillers.

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that affects dogs similarly to how it affects humans. It's characterised by repeated seizures, which can vary in type, frequency and intensity. While epilepsy in dogs often has no known cause (known as idiopathic epilepsy), there are certain triggers that can cause seizures in susceptible individuals. In this article, we'll delve into the world of canine epilepsy triggers, exploring what they are, how they can impact our furry friends, and strategies for managing and minimising their effects. It is important to note that epileptic fits most commonly occur at night when your dog is calmly resting or even asleep. It is rare for a fit to occur at exercise. Dogs tend to develop a pattern of seizures so it is helpful to keep a detailed log of when they occur, how long for and any events prior that may correlate with their seizures. You can download our free seizure tracker here  to help determine what might be causing your dog's seizures. Dogs most commonly present between 6 months and 6 years of age with Idiopathic Epilepsy. Animals who are diagnosed younger than 6 months of age tend to have inherited conditions causing their seizures. Most typically when dogs start having seizures older than 6 years old these tend to be secondary to low blood sugar, cancer or a bleed in the brain. Seizures in dogs can be caused or triggered by a wide range of factors, including: Stress, Excitement and Anxiety Experiences that cause stress, excitement or anxiety can trigger seizures in some dogs. Some examples of such triggers include: Changes in routine Visitors to the home Excitement or stimulation (e.g. at feeding time or playing with another dog) Separation anxiety Fear New environments/unfamiliar places Interactions with unfamiliar people Interactions with unfamiliar animals Abuse/neglect Witnessing traumatic events Physical Factors Certain physical changes can lower the seizure threshold in dogs. Some examples of such triggers include: Fatigue Exhaustion from strenuous exercise Illness Infections (such as urinary tract infections or ear infections) Hormonal changes (such as during estrus or pregnancy) Fluctuations in body temperature Environmental Factors Exposure to environmental toxins or extreme changes can act as triggers. Some examples of such triggers include: Pesticides Herbicides Household cleaners Certain plants (such as lilies, azaleas, or sago palms) Cigarette smoke Lead toxicity Metaldehyde poisoning Ethylene glycol ingestion Xylitol ingestion Extreme temperatures (both hot and cold) Rapid changes in altitude Sensory Stimuli Visual stimuli may also act as triggers for some dogs with photosensitive epilepsy. Similarly, some dogs might be triggered by auditory stimuli. Some examples of sensory triggers include: Flashing/flickering lights Intense visual patterns (such as strobe lights or flickering television screens) Loud noises (such as fireworks or thunderstorms) Repetitive noises Sleep Deprivation Poor sleep hygiene can disrupt brain function and thereby increase the likelihood of seizures in some dogs with epilepsy. Some triggers could include: Lack of sleep Irregular sleep patterns Disruption to the sleep environment (e.g. due to excessive noise) Uncomfortable sleep environment Dietary Factors Certain ingredients and feeding patterns may trigger seizures in some dogs with epilepsy. To learn more about diets for dogs with epilepsy, read our post. Potential triggers include: Change in feed or feed pattern Chocolate ingestion Caffeine ingestion Artificial colourings Preservatives Flavourings Allergic reaction to a certain food Inadequate nutrition resulting in low blood sugar levels Irregular meal times resulting in low blood sugar levels Medication Changes It's essential to follow your veterinarian's recommendations closely and monitor for any adverse effects. Abrupt changes in medication can disrupt seizure control and increase the risk of breakthrough seizures in dogs with epilepsy. These include: Change in dose Change in formulation/manufacturer of medication Alterations to administration schedule, forgetting dose(s) Insulin overdose in diabetic animals Hormonal Changes Dogs may experience increased seizure frequency during natural periods of hormonal fluctuations. These include: Those associated with the oestrus cycle (heat) in intact female dogs Changes in testosterone levels in intact male dogs Allergic Reactions Allergies to environmental allergens may trigger seizures in some dogs. Allergic reactions can cause inflammation in the body, including the brain, potentially leading to seizure activity. Some examples of potential allergens include: Pollen Mold Dust mites Certain foods Electrolyte Imbalances Disruptions in electrolyte levels such as sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium can affect nerve function and increase the risk of seizures in dogs. These disruptions in electrolyte levels can be triggered by: Dehydration Vomiting Diarrhoea Kidney disease Physical Trauma or Injury Physical trauma or injury can increase the likelihood of seizures in dogs, even if they occur months or years after the initial injury. Such injuries include: Pain Head trauma Concussions Other physical injuries can damage the brain Underlying medical conditions and certain infections predispose dogs to seizures. Such triggers include: Liver disease Kidney disease Diabetes Mellitus Tumors/cancer Sepsis Cushing's disease Addison's disease Hypothyroidism Canine distemper Canine parvovirus Tick-borne diseases Meningitis/Encephalitis Severe respiratory or heart disease leading to low oxygen concentrations to the brain Genetic Predisposition Certain breeds of dogs have a higher incidence of epilepsy, suggesting a genetic predisposition to the disorder. Breeds more commonly affected by epilepsy include: Beagles Golden Retrievers Labrador Retrievers English Springer and Cocker Spaniels German Shepherds Border Collies Brachycephalic (flatter faced) breeds Bernese Mountain Dogs Boxers Dachshunds Irish Setters Irish Wolfhounds St. Bernards Corgis Wire-haired Fox Terriers Standard Poodles Yorkshire terriers Staffordshire Bull Terriers Seasonal Changes Some dogs may experience an increase in seizure activity during certain times of the year, such as spring or fall. While the exact cause of this seasonal variation is not fully understood, factors that could play a role include: Allergen exposure Temperature Daylight hours Managing Canine Epilepsy Triggers: While it may not always be possible to completely eliminate epilepsy triggers, there are steps that pet parents can take to minimise their impact and reduce the likelihood of seizures in their dogs: Identify and Avoid Triggers : Pay close attention to your dog's behaviour and surroundings to identify potential triggers for seizures. Once identified, take steps to minimise or eliminate exposure to these triggers. You can download our free seizure tracker here to help determine what might be causing your dog's seizures. Maintain a Consistent Routine : Establishing a regular daily routine for your dog can help reduce stress and anxiety, which are common triggers for seizures. Provide a Safe Environment : Create a safe and secure environment for your dog, free from potential hazards and triggers. This may include keeping toxic substances out of reach, providing a quiet space during times of stress, and ensuring adequate rest and relaxation. Ensure Proper Nutrition : Feed your dog a balanced diet with high-quality ingredi ents to support overall health and minimise the risk of dietary-related triggers. Please read our articles diet and canine epilepsy as feed plays a crucial role in your pets general health. Monitor and Manage Stress : Minimise stressors in your dog's environment and provide outlets for relaxation and mental stimulation. This may include regular exercise, socialisation, and training. Conclusion While potential canine epilepsy triggers can vary widely from one dog to another, understanding and managing these triggers is very helpful for improving your epileptic dog's wellbeing. By identifying potential triggers, implementing appropriate management strategies, and working closely with a veterinarian, pet parents can help reduce the frequency and severity of seizures in their furry friends, ultimately improving their quality of life. If you suspect that your dog may be experiencing seizures or have concerns about potential triggers, don't hesitate to consult with a veterinarian for further guidance and support.

Managing epilepsy in dogs involves careful attention to their diet to effectively manage their condition. Alongside medications and veterinary care, dietary choices play a significant role in supporting your furry friend's health and minimizing seizures. Certain foods can exacerbate epilepsy symptoms, including those high in carbohydrates and addiditives. Meanwhile, the ketogenic diet offers potential benefits. Let's delve into what not to feed dogs with epilepsy, considering the effects of carbohydrates, and exploring the advantages of a ketogenic diet. Understanding Canine Epilepsy Canine epilepsy manifests as recurring seizures of varying severity and frequency, often with an unclear underlying cause. Management typically involves a combination of medication, lifestyle adjustments, and sometimes dietary modifications. Read more about diagnosing canine epilepsy here . Foods to Avoid Giving your Epileptic Dog When caring for a dog with epilepsy, it's crucial to avoid certain foods that may worsen their condition and to support their general health through dietary interventions. There are certain foods that may increase seizure frequency in dogs with epilepsy. If you can't identify what is triggering seizure episodes, it's best to avoid any of the additives/ foods on the following list. Artificial Sweeteners:  Xylitol, an artificial sweetener found in many sugar-free products, can be toxic to dogs and may lower their seizure threshold. Check ingredient labels carefully and avoid feeding your dog anything containing xylitol. Artificial Preservatives:  Avoid dog foods containing artificial preservatives such as BHA, BHT, and ethoxyquin, as these additives may contribute to inflammation and potential seizure triggers in dogs with epilepsy. Opt for natural preservatives or fresh foods whenever possible to support your dog's overall health and well-being. High-Sodium Foods:  Excessive sodium intake can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, which may trigger seizures in dogs with epilepsy. Limit your dog's consumption of salty snacks, processed meats, and other high-sodium foods. Certain Fruits and Vegetables:  While many fruits and vegetables are safe for dogs, some can be problematic for those with epilepsy. Avoid feeding your dog grapes, raisins, onions, garlic, and avocados, as these can be toxic and potentially trigger seizures. High Carbohydrate Foods:  Diets high in carbohydrates can lead to blood sugar imbalances, potentially triggering seizures in dogs with epilepsy. Limit grains, potatoes, and other carb-heavy foods. The Ketogenic Diet The ketogenic diet, high in fat and low in carbohydrates, has shown promise in reducing seizures in some dogs with epilepsy. By shifting the body's energy source from carbohydrates to fats, this diet can alter brain metabolism and potentially reduce seizure frequency. However, it's essential to consult with your veterinarian before starting your dog on a ketogenic diet, as it requires careful monitoring and may not be suitable for all dogs. If you want to learn more about the ketogenic diet - read our feeding guide here. Conclusion - Feeding a Dog with Seizures Managing epilepsy in dogs requires a holistic approach that includes medication, veterinary care, and attention to diet. By avoiding foods that can trigger seizures, such as those high in carbohydrates and considering the potential benefits of a ketogenic diet, you can support your dog's overall health and well-being. Always collaborate closely with your veterinarian to develop a tailored management plan for your furry companion. Every dog is unique, so pay close attention to their response to different foods and treatments, and adjust accordingly with guidance from your veterinarian.

An Introduction to Canine Epilepsy Triggers Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that affects dogs just as it does humans. It's characterised by recurrent seizures, which can vary in type, frequency and intensity. While epilepsy in dogs often has no known cause, there are certain triggers that can precipitate seizures in susceptible individuals. In this article, we'll delve into the world of canine epilepsy triggers, exploring what they are, how they can impact our furry friends and strategies for managing and minimising their effects. While this list may seem overwhelming, there are ways to find out what might be causing your dog's seizures, and we highly recommend downloading our free seizure tracker here . Tracking your dog's seizures and being aware of any events that precede them can provide crucial information that will impact your care plan. Canine Epilepsy Triggers Epileptic seizures in dogs can be triggered by a wide range of factors, including: Stress, Excitement and Anxiety Experiences that cause stress, excitement or anxiety can trigger seizures in some dogs. Some examples of such triggers include: Changes in routine Visitors to the home Excitement or stimulation (e.g. at feeding time or playing with another dog) Separation anxiety Fear New environments/unfamiliar places Interactions with unfamiliar people Interactions with unfamiliar animals Abuse/neglect Witnessing traumatic events Physical Factors Certain physical changes can lower the seizure threshold in dogs. Some examples of such triggers include: Fatigue Exhaustion from strenuous exercise Illness Infections (such as urinary tract infections or ear infections) Hormonal changes (such as during estrus or pregnancy) Fluctuations in body temperature Environmental Factors Exposure to environmental toxins or extreme changes can act as triggers. Some examples of such triggers include: Pesticides Herbicides Household cleaners Certain plants (such as lilies, azaleas, or sago palms) Cigarette smoke Lead toxicity Metaldehyde poisoning Ethylene glycol ingestion Xylitol ingestion Extreme temperatures (both hot and cold) Rapid changes in altitude Sensory Stimuli Visual stimuli may also act as triggers for some dogs with photosensitive epilepsy. Similarly, some dogs might be triggered by auditory stimuli. Some examples of sensory triggers include: Flashing/flickering lights Intense visual patterns (such as strobe lights or flickering television screens) Loud noises (such as fireworks or thunderstorms) Repetitive noises Sleep Deprivation Poor sleep hygiene can disrupt brain function and thereby increase the likelihood of seizures in some dogs with epilepsy. Some triggers could include: Lack of sleep Irregular sleep patterns Disruption to the sleep environment (e.g. due to excessive noise) Uncomfortable sleep environment Dietary Factors Certain ingredients and feeding patterns may trigger seizures in some dogs with epilepsy. Such potential triggers include: Change in feed or feed pattern Chocolate ingestion Caffeine ingestion Artificial colourings Preservatives Flavourings Allergic reaction to a certain food Inadequate nutrition resulting in low blood sugar levels Irregular meal times resulting in low blood sugar levels Medication Changes It's essential to follow your veterinarian's recommendations closely and monitor for any adverse effects. Abrupt changes in medication can disrupt seizure control and increase the risk of breakthrough seizures in dogs with epilepsy. These include: Change in dose Change in formulation/manufacturer of medication Alterations to administration schedule, forgetting dose(s) Insulin overdose in diabetic animals Hormonal Changes Dogs may experience increased seizure frequency during natural periods of hormonal fluctuations. These include: Those associated with the oestrus cycle (heat) in intact female dogs Changes in testosterone levels in intact male dogs Allergic Reactions Allergies to environmental allergens may trigger seizures in some dogs. Allergic reactions can cause inflammation in the body, including the brain, potentially leading to seizure activity. Some examples of potential allergens include: Pollen Mold Dust mites Certain foods Electrolyte Imbalances Disruptions in electrolyte levels such as sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium can affect nerve function and increase the risk of seizures in dogs. These disruptions in electrolyte levels can be triggered by: Dehydration Vomiting Diarrhoea Kidney disease Physical Trauma or Injury Physical trauma or injury can increase the likelihood of seizures in dogs, even if they occur months or years after the initial injury. Such injuries include: Pain Head trauma Concussions Other physical injuries can damage the brain Illness or Infection Underlying medical conditions and certain infections predispose dogs to seizures. Such triggers include: Liver disease Kidney disease Diabetes Mellitus Tumors/cancer Sepsis Cushing's disease Addison's disease Hypothyroidism Canine distemper Canine parvovirus Tick-borne diseases Meningitis/Encephalitis Severe respiratory or heart disease leading to low oxygen concentrations to the brain Genetic Predisposition Certain breeds of dogs have a higher incidence of epilepsy, suggesting a genetic predisposition to the disorder. Breeds more commonly affected by epilepsy include: Beagles Golden Retrievers Labrador Retrievers English Springer and Cocker Spaniels German Shepherds Border Collies Brachycephalic (flatter faced) breeds Bernese Mountain Dogs Boxers Dachshunds Irish Setters Irish Wolfhounds St. Bernards Corgis Wire-haired Fox Terriers Standard Poodles Yorkshire terriers Staffordshire Bull Terriers Seasonal Changes Some dogs may experience an increase in seizure activity during certain times of the year, such as spring or fall. While the exact cause of this seasonal variation is not fully understood, factors that could play a role include: Allergen exposure Temperature Daylight hours Managing Canine Epilepsy Triggers While it may not always be possible to eliminate epilepsy triggers completely, there are steps that pet parents can take to minimise their impact and reduce the likelihood of seizures in their dogs: Identify and Avoid Triggers : Pay close attention to your dog's behaviour and surroundings to identify potential triggers for seizures. Once identified, take steps to minimise or eliminate exposure to these triggers. Maintain a Consistent Routine : Establishing a regular daily routine for your dog can help reduce stress and anxiety, which are common triggers for seizures. Provide a Safe Environment : Create a safe and secure environment for your dog, free from potential hazards and triggers. This may include keeping toxic substances out of reach, providing a quiet space during times of stress, and ensuring adequate rest and relaxation. Ensure Proper Nutrition : Feed your dog a balanced diet with high-quality ingredients to support overall health and minimize the risk of dietary-related triggers. Monitor and Manage Stress : Minimize stressors in your dog's environment and provide outlets for relaxation and mental stimulation. This may include regular exercise, socialization, and training. Conclusion While canine epilepsy triggers can vary widely from one dog to another, understanding and managing these triggers is essential for supporting dogs living with epilepsy. By identifying potential triggers, implementing appropriate management strategies, and working closely with a veterinarian, pet parents can help reduce the frequency and severity of seizures in their furry friends, ultimately improving their quality of life. If you suspect that your dog may be experiencing seizures or have concerns about potential triggers, don't hesitate to consult with a veterinarian for guidance and support. For additional information:

Exploring Essential Oils for Dogs with Epilepsy: Benefits, Risks, and Considerations Epilepsy in dogs can be a challenging condition to manage, often requiring a multifaceted approach to treatment. While traditional medications prescribed by veterinarians are the primary course of action, some pet owners seek complementary therapies to support their dogs' well-being. In this article, we'll delve into specific essential oils and their potential benefits for dogs with epilepsy, supported by relevant research. Understanding Epilepsy in Dogs Epilepsy in dogs is characterized by recurrent seizures, which can vary in severity and frequency. Seizures can be triggered by various factors, including genetic predisposition, brain abnormalities, metabolic disorders, or environmental stressors. Exploring Essential Oils and Their Benefits: Lavender Oil (Lavandula angustifolia):  Lavender oil is renowned for its calming properties and is often used to reduce stress and anxiety in both humans and dogs. Research suggests that lavender oil may help lower heart rate and blood pressure, promoting relaxation. A study published in the Journal of Veterinary Behavior demonstrated that lavender oil diffused in the environment reduced signs of stress in dogs in a veterinary clinic setting. Chamomile Oil (Matricaria chamomilla):  Chamomile oil possesses soothing and anti-anxiety properties, making it beneficial for dogs with epilepsy. Research indicates that chamomile may have anxiolytic effects, helping to reduce nervousness and promote relaxation. A study published in the Journal of Veterinary Behaviour found that chamomile oil reduced anxiety-related behaviours in dogs during thunderstorm-induced stress. Frankincense Oil (Boswellia serrata):  Frankincense oil exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, which may be beneficial for dogs with epilepsy. Inflammation within the brain can exacerbate seizure activity, and reducing inflammation may offer therapeutic benefits. While there is limited research specifically on frankincense oil in dogs with epilepsy, studies in humans have shown its anti-inflammatory effects. Ginger Oil (Zingiber officinale):  Ginger oil is known for its anti-inflammatory and digestive-supportive properties. While research specific to dogs with epilepsy is lacking, studies in humans suggest that ginger may help reduce inflammation and support gastrointestinal health. These effects may indirectly benefit dogs with epilepsy by promoting overall well-being. Risks and Considerations While essential oils offer potential benefits for dogs with epilepsy, their use requires caution and guidance from a veterinarian. Factors such as sensitivity, toxicity, interactions with medications, and proper administration methods should be carefully considered to ensure the safety and well-being of your canine companion. Several factors should be carefully considered: Sensitivity and Allergies:  Dogs may react differently to essential oils, and some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to certain oils. It's crucial to perform a patch test and monitor for any adverse reactions before widespread use. Toxicity Concerns:  Certain essential oils, such as tea tree oil and pennyroyal, are toxic to dogs and should be avoided altogether. Even oils considered safe for dogs can be harmful if ingested in large quantities or applied undiluted to the skin. Interactions with Medications:  Essential oils may interact with medications prescribed for epilepsy or other health conditions. Always consult with a veterinarian before introducing essential oils into your dog's care regimen, especially if they are taking anticonvulsant medications. Proper Dilution and Administration:  Essential oils should always be diluted in a carrier oil before applying to a dog's skin or diffusing in their environment. Incorrect dilution or administration methods can lead to skin irritation, respiratory issues, or other adverse effects. Consulting with a Veterinarian Before incorporating essential oils into your dog's care routine, consult with a veterinarian familiar with your dog's medical history. A veterinarian can provide personalized guidance and help you navigate potential risks and benefits associated with essential oil use for epilepsy management. Conclusion: Essential Oils for Dogs with Epilepsy While essential oils hold promise as complementary therapies for dogs with epilepsy, their use requires careful consideration and guidance from a veterinarian. By understanding the potential benefits, risks, and proper administration methods of essential oils, you can make informed decisions about incorporating them into your dog's epilepsy management plan while prioritizing their health and quality of life.

Introduction As devoted pet owners, we strive to provide our furry companions with a safe and nurturing environment. However, despite our best efforts, our dogs may still experience stress from various sources, ranging from loud noises and changes in routine to separation anxiety and social interactions. In some cases, this stress can manifest as seizures, leaving pet owners feeling bewildered and concerned. In this article, we explore the phenomenon of stress as a potential trigger for seizures in dogs, shedding light on possible causes, symptoms, and management strategies. Understanding Stress as a Potential Trigger for Seizures Seizures, which are sudden and uncontrollable bursts of electrical activity in the brain, can be triggered by a multitude of factors in dogs. We discuss these in depth in another blog post but will be focusing on causes related to stress here. Besides the well understood causes of seizures (liver disease, ingestion of toxins etc..), the more challenging seizures to prevent are those which occur in response to emotional or psychological stressors rather than easily pinpointed physical or neurological conditions, making them a unique and challenging aspect of canine health. Potential Stress Triggers of Seizures: Loud noises such as fireworks, thunderstorms, or construction noise Changes in environment, such as moving to a new home or traveling Changes in routine, such as feed times/type/quantity Separation anxiety when left alone for extended periods Social interactions with unfamiliar people or animals Medical procedures or visits to the veterinarian Emotional distress or traumatic events Symptoms of Seizures: The symptoms of seizures in dogs can vary widely. Common signs include: Muscle twitching or tremors Unresponsiveness, absence and/or loss of consciousness Uncontrolled shaking or convulsions Dilated pupils Drooling or foaming at the mouth Vocalization or whimpering Involuntary urination or defecation Managing Stress Seizures The management of seizures with potential stress triggers in dogs involves a multifaceted approach aimed at reducing stress and minimising the risk of seizure activity. Here are some strategies to consider: Consult with a Veterinarian: If your dog experiences seizures or other concerning symptoms, consult with your veterinarian for a thorough evaluation and personalised treatment plan. Your veterinarian can help rule out underlying medical conditions, provide guidance on stress management techniques, and recommend appropriate medications or supplements if needed. Consider Behavioral Therapy: In some cases, behavioral therapy techniques such as desensitisation and counterconditioning may be helpful in reducing your dog's stress response to specific triggers. Working with a qualified animal behaviorist can provide valuable support in implementing these techniques effectively. Identify and Minimize Stressors: Take note of potential stressors in your dog's environment and work to minimize their impact. This may involve creating a safe and quiet space during loud events, gradually acclimating your dog to new experiences, or addressing separation anxiety through training and behavior modification techniques. Medication is available through your vet to reduce anxiety during particularly stressful events such as veterinary visits, fireworks etc. Please consult your veterinary surgeon for specifics. You can find our free seizure tracker here where you can log any potential stress triggers. Provide Comfort and Support: During episodes of stress or anxiety, offer reassurance and comfort to your dog. This may involve using calming aids such as pheromone diffusers (e.g. Adaptil), calming music ( Here is a track we love!) or snug-fitting garments like Thundershirts. Maintain a Consistent Routine: Dogs thrive on routine, so strive to maintain a consistent schedule for feeding, exercise, and rest. Predictability can help reduce stress and provide a sense of security for your dog. Conclusion: Stress Seizures in Dogs Seizures in dogs can be a distressing and challenging condition for both pet owners and their furry companions. By understanding these potential causes, symptoms, and management strategies for stress-induced seizures, pet owners can take proactive steps to reduce stress and provide a supportive environment for their dogs. Through patience, compassion, and collaboration with veterinary professionals, we can help our dogs navigate the ups and downs of life with resilience and grace. References: Packer, Rowena MA, Sarah L. Hobbs, and Emily J. Blackwell. "Behavioral interventions as an adjunctive treatment for canine epilepsy: a missing part of the epilepsy management toolkit?."  Frontiers in veterinary science  6 (2019): 3.

As devoted pet owners, we always strive to provide the best care for our furry companions. However, accidents happen, and in the event of an overdose of your dog's epilepsy medication, it's crucial to know what steps to take. In this blog post, we'll provide valuable advice and guidance on how to handle the situation calmly and effectively. Stay Calm and Act Quickly: Discovering that you've accidentally overdosed your dog's epilepsy medication can be distressing, but it's essential to remain calm and take prompt action. Here's what you should do: Contact Your Veterinarian Immediately : The first and most crucial step is to reach out to your veterinarian without delay. Inform them of the situation and provide details about the medication, dosage, and when the overdose occurred. Your veterinarian will be able to offer tailored advice based on your dog's specific circumstances. Follow Veterinarian's Instructions : Your veterinarian will provide guidance on how to proceed. They may instruct you to monitor your dog for any signs of adverse reactions or side effects. They may also recommend measures to mitigate the effects of the overdose, such as inducing vomiting or administering activated charcoal. If you cannot reach your veterinarian:  Depending on which country you live in, there are various pet poison telephone information lines which can advise owners directly on whether the ingested dose requires emergency visit to an out of hours veterinarian or not. Please see the following examples for the UK and USA: Observe Your Dog Closely : Keep a close eye on your dog for any changes in behavior, such as lethargy, confusion, vomiting, difficulty breathing, or seizures. Note down any symptoms or abnormalities and report them to your veterinarian promptly. Seek Emergency Veterinary Care if Necessary : In severe cases or if your dog is experiencing serious symptoms, seek emergency veterinary care immediately. Time is of the essence in such situations, and prompt medical intervention can be lifesaving. Prevent Recurrence : Take steps to prevent accidental overdoses in the future. This may include double-checking medication dosages before administration, using pill organisers or reminders, and storing medications safely out of the reach of your pets. Conclusion: I overdosed my dog on their epilepsy medication - what should I do? Accidentally overdosing your dog's epilepsy medication can be a frightening experience, but by acting swiftly and seeking veterinary assistance, you can minimize the potential risks and ensure the best possible outcome for your dog. Remember, your veterinarian is there to help and support you through challenging situations like this. Don't hesitate to reach out to them for guidance and assistance whenever needed. About the Author Dr. Natascha Hedegaard BVetMed MRCVS graduated as a veterinary surgeon from the Royal Veterinary College, London, in 2018. She is passionate about optimising canine health with a holistic approach to veterinary medicine and consideration for the individual patient .She is currently undertaking her Postgraduate Certificate in Small Animal Medicine with an aim to becoming an Advanced Practitioner.

Choosing the right diet for your epileptic dog is crucial for managing their condition and promoting overall health. While some dog foods are marketed specifically for epileptic dogs, I believe carefully considering their ingredients and nutritional content is essential. In this post, I'll explore what I believe are the negative aspects of the Purina Neurocare Pr Plan diet for epileptic dogs, focusing on its high carbohydrate content, the effects of high-heat cooking on nutritional content, and why I think there may be better options out here. However, it's worth noting that one potential benefit of the Purina Pro Neurocare diet is the inclusion of MCT oil, which has been shown to have benefits for dogs with epilepsy. I argue that you can have a more nutritionally complete diet and add the MCT oil yourself. Understanding Canine Epilepsy Canine epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterised by recurrent seizures, which can vary in severity and frequency. While medication and veterinary care are essential for managing epilepsy in dogs, diet also plays a significant role in supporting their overall health and well-being. The Importance of Diet for Epileptic Dogs Dietary choices can impact seizure frequency and severity in epileptic dogs. Ideally, epileptic dogs should have a diet low in carbohydrates and high in protein and healthy fats. Foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and vitamins and minerals can also support overall health and reduce inflammation. The Problem with Purina Neurocare Pro Plan Epilepsy Food I think one of the negative aspects of the Purina Pro Neurocare diet for epileptic dogs is its high carbohydrate content. While carbohydrates are a primary source of energy for dogs, diets high in carbohydrates can lead to fluctuations in blood sugar levels, potentially triggering seizures in epileptic dogs. Additionally, I think the high-heat cooking process used in the manufacturing of the Purina Pro Neurocare diet can degrade the nutritional content of the food, further compromising its suitability for epileptic dogs. In my experience with my dog Bailey, I saw no difference in seizure control when he was on the Purina Pro Neurocare diet plan and have met many other dog owners who have shared this experience. It was only when I started feeding Bailey a whole food diet that I saw real changes. And his coat and teeth were much healthier as an added benefit! Adding MCT Oil to Your Dog's Diet Pet owners can still provide the potential benefits of MCT oil by adding it to their dog's diet themselves. MCT oil has been shown to have anticonvulsant properties and reduced seizure frequency in epileptic dogs. By purchasing higher-quality dog food that aligns with the dietary needs of epileptic dogs and supplementing with MCT oil, pet owners can provide their furry friends with a balanced and supportive diet! Read our posts on Understanding the Benefits of MCT Oil for Epileptic Dogs  and MCT Oil Dosage for Dogs with Epilepsy . Choosing a Suitable Diet for Your Epileptic Dog When selecting a diet for your epileptic dog, it's essential to prioritise high-quality, balanced nutrition. Look for dog foods that are low in carbohydrates, high in protein and healthy fats, and free from artificial additives and preservatives. Consider consulting with a veterinarian or canine nutritionist to determine the best diet for your dog's needs. Read our post on The Best Diet for Dogs with Epilepsy for more information. Conclusion: Purina Epilepsy Food While the Purina Pro Neurocare diet may offer some potential benefits for epileptic dogs, such as the inclusion of MCT oil, I believe its high carbohydrate content and processing methods may not make it the ideal choice for managing the condition. In my experience, pet owners can achieve better results by selecting higher-quality dog food that aligns with the dietary needs of epileptic dogs and supplementing with MCT oil as needed. Pet owners can help their furry friends lead happy and healthy lives despite their condition by providing a balanced and supportive diet.