Living with a dog who has seizures can feel scary and unpredictable. One of the best ways to regain a sense of control is to build a clear, practical emergency plan for epileptic dog care. When you know exactly what to do, who to call and what to grab in a crisis, you protect your dog and reduce your own stress. This guide walks you through Building an Emergency Plan for Your Epileptic Dog step by step. You will learn how seizures work, how to recognise an emergency, which first aid steps really matter, how to create an emergency seizure kit, what vets do in urgent situations and how to look after both your dog and yourself afterwards. Along the way, you can deepen your understanding with articles on dog seizure first aid , identifying seizure triggers , the three stages of a seizure  and seizure recovery . Understanding seizures in dogs A seizure happens when the brain suddenly produces abnormal electrical activity. Instead of smooth, organised signals, nerve cells fire in a disorganised burst. This can temporarily disrupt consciousness, movement and behaviour. Seizures can be caused by many things, including epilepsy in dogs, toxin ingestion, low blood sugar, brain tumours, liver disease and other medical problems. Your vet will help identify the underlying cause, but your emergency plan focuses on what to do whenever a seizure occurs, whatever the trigger. Typical signs of a generalised seizure include: Sudden collapse Paddling or jerking of the limbs Stiffening or rigid muscles Chomping or jaw movements Drooling or foaming at the mouth Loss of bladder or bowel control Some dogs experience partial or focal seizures that look more subtle, such as facial twitching, fly snapping or brief episodes of staring. You can read more about focal seizures in our post Recognising Focal Seizures in Dogs with Epilepsy. How emergency plan for epileptic dog fits into canine epilepsy Canine Epilepsy is one of the most common long term neurological conditions in dogs. It causes recurrent seizures over time, often without an obvious external trigger. For many dogs, medication and lifestyle changes control seizures well. For others, episodes can remain unpredictable and can be severe. An emergency plan for epileptic dog care is an important part of managing long term dog health. It sits alongside: Regular veterinary check ups Appropriate anti seizure medication Monitoring for side effects Read our guide on Monitoring Size Effects of Anti-Epileptic Dogs Considering lifestyle and diet Read our guide on the Ketogenic Diet for Dogs With Epilepsy Managing environmental factors Your plan gives you and anyone who cares for your dog a clear script to follow when a seizure happens, so that essential steps are never missed. If you want a deeper understanding of how seizures unfold, the guide to the three stages of an epileptic seizure  explains the pre ictal, ictal and post ictal phases in accessible detail. How to recognise an emergency Not every seizure needs a dash to the emergency clinic, but some absolutely do. Your emergency plan for epileptic dog care should clearly spell out which situations count as urgent. A seizure is an emergency if: It lasts longer than five minutes Your dog has more than one seizure within 24 hours (cluster seizures) Your dog does not fully wake up between seizures Your dog struggles to breathe, has blue gums or collapses Your dog becomes very hot to the touch You suspect poisoning or serious trauma It is your dog’s first known seizure Guidelines from veterinary organisations recommend immediate treatment for status epilepticus (seizures longer than five minutes) and cluster seizures, because both are linked to higher risk of complications. Early warning signs and red flags Many Dogs with Seizures show early changes before a seizure starts. These warning signs may last seconds to hours and are useful to include in your written plan. Common early signs include: Restlessness or pacing Sudden clinginess or seeking reassurance Hiding or appearing confused Lip licking, facial twitching or head shaking Trembling or shivering Excessive drooling A vacant or distant expression Red flags that are especially important in your plan: Any seizure lasting more than five minutes Two or more seizures in one day Seizures occurring closer together than usual Worsening severity of seizures Very prolonged confusion or abnormal behaviour afterwards Understanding which dog seizure triggers set off your dog’s episodes can help you prevent some seizures. For example, missed medication doses, excitement, stress or heat can all play a role. The article on identifying seizure triggers for your dog  is a useful companion to your emergency plan. Step-by-step first aid for dogs with seizures Every emergency plan for epileptic dog care should include a simple, step by step first aid section that anyone can follow. You cannot stop the electrical storm in the brain, but you can keep your dog safe and gather vital information. Keeping your dog safe during and after the seizure You may find it helpful to print a one page checklist with these points. Stay calm and time the seizure Look at a clock or phone as soon as the seizure starts. Note when it ends. If it reaches five minutes, treat it as an emergency and prepare to leave for the vet. Clear the area Move furniture, sharp objects, lamps and wires away. Slide your dog gently away from stairs, edges or water. Do not restrain their movements. Keep your hands away from the mouth Dogs do not swallow their tongues. Trying to hold the tongue or open the mouth can lead to bites. Reduce noise and light Turn off bright lights. Keep the room quiet. Move other pets out of the area. Cool gently if the seizure is prolonged For seizures longer than two minutes, you can: Use a fan to circulate air Place a cool, damp cloth on their paws or belly Do not use ice or cold baths, which can cause shock. Support recovery After the seizure, your dog may be confused, unsteady or temporarily blind. Speak softly and keep them in a quiet, familiar space. Offer water once they are able to swallow safely. Avoid food until they are fully alert. For a deeper dive into these steps, you can read our post on dog seizure first aid  which focuses entirely on in-the-moment care. Record what happened As soon as you can, write down details of the episode. This forms part of your seizure diary, which is an important tool in managing epilepsy. Building an at-home emergency seizure kit A key part of building an emergency plan for your epileptic dog is creating a physical seizure kit that you can reach for in seconds. This saves time and helps anyone caring for your dog to find what they need without searching the house. What to include in your emergency seizure kit Every kit will be slightly different, but useful items include: Printed seizure plan A one page summary of what to do during and after a seizure. Clear red flags and when to go to the vet. Contact list Your regular vet and nearest 24 hour emergency clinic, with phone numbers and addresses. Backup contacts such as trusted friends or family. Pet insurance details if relevant. Medication list A simple list of all medications, doses and times given. Note any allergies or previous side effects. Rescue medication (if prescribed) Intranasal or rectal emergency medication, as prescribed by your vet. Written instructions on when and how to use it, and when to stop and go straight to the clinic. Seizure diary and pen A small notebook dedicated to seizure records. You can also print templates from epilepsy resources and keep them in the kit. Here is a link to our free seizure tracker or we highly recommend using the Royal Veterinary College Seizure Tracking app available on the Apple App Store and Google Play. Thermometer and lubricant To monitor temperature if your vet has advised you to do so. Only use if you feel safe and your dog is fully conscious. Non slip mat or spare blanket Useful for moving a large dog safely if needed. Helps create a soft surface on hard floors. Torch or small night light For use during night time seizures so you can see clearly without switching on very bright lights. Spare leads and a collar Helpful if you need to move quickly to the car after a seizure. You can store the kit in an easy to see box or bag, labelled clearly so that pet sitters and family members know where to find it. Where to keep your emergency seizure kit Choose a location that is: Easy to reach at all times Known to all household members Away from damp or extreme heat, so medications stay stable You may want a second, smaller version of the kit in the car, especially if your dog often travels with you. Sharing the kit with other carers Make sure you walk any pet sitter, dog walker or family member through: Where the kit is kept How to use the printed plan When to call you When to go directly to the vet Give them a chance to ask questions before they are ever left in charge during a seizure. When to contact your vet or emergency clinic Your emergency plan for epileptic dog care should make the decision to call the vet as simple as possible. Contact your vet or emergency clinic immediately if: A seizure lasts more than five minutes Your dog has more than one seizure in 24 hours Your dog does not fully regain awareness between seizures Your dog has trouble breathing, collapses or has blue or pale gums You suspect poisoning, head trauma or a serious underlying illness This is your dog’s first seizure Many veterinary and epilepsy guidelines emphasise that emergency treatment is particularly important for status epilepticus and cluster seizures, because delayed care is linked to worse outcomes. Supporting your dog and yourself after a seizure The emergency does not end the moment the seizure stops. The post ictal period, when your dog’s brain is resetting, is an important part of your plan. You can help by: Providing a calm, quiet space Offering water once your dog is fully aware Avoiding stairs or slippery floors until they are steady Keeping other pets and children away while your dog is confused Watching for signs of another seizure Most dogs improve steadily over minutes to hours, though some may take longer after a severe event. If your dog’s behaviour seems very unusual, or they do not improve as you would expect, contact your vet for advice. For a more detailed look at this stage, you can refer owners to your article on seizure recovery . Supporting yourself Watching a seizure is emotionally intense. It is normal to feel shaken, upset or anxious. Help yourself by: Taking a few slow breaths once your dog is safe Writing down what happened while it is fresh Talking to your vet about any fears or questions Learning more about epilepsy in dogs so that seizures feel less mysterious. We have a huge library of free and accessible information here. Re-reading your emergency plan and updating anything that did not work smoothly Remember that you are not alone. Many owners manage dogs with seizures successfully for years, especially when they have a solid emergency plan for epileptic dog care, strong veterinary support and good information about triggers, treatment options and lifestyle factors like the best diet for dogs with epilepsy. Conclusion Building an Emergency Plan for Your Epileptic Dog is one of the most protective and empowering steps you can take as an owner. Instead of feeling helpless when a seizure strikes, you will know how to keep your dog safe, when to act, who to call and which details matter most for long term dog health. By understanding seizures, preparing first aid steps, assembling an emergency seizure kit, keeping clear records and working closely with your vet, you give your dog the best possible chance of a stable, happy life with Canine Epilepsy. An emergency plan for epileptic dog care is not just a document on your fridge - it is a practical, loving commitment to being ready for your dog when they need you most. FAQs What should I do first when my dog has a seizure? Stay calm, check the time and move hazards away. Keep the environment quiet. Do not touch the mouth. Once the seizure ends, comfort your dog and call your vet if it lasts more than five minutes or if another seizure follows. How long can a seizure last before it is an emergency? A seizure lasting more than five minutes is an emergency and may be status epilepticus. Cluster seizures in dogs, meaning more than one seizure within 24 hours, also require urgent veterinary help. Should I move my dog during a seizure? Only if they are at risk. Slide them gently away from danger but do not restrain or lift them. Restraint can cause injury. When should I take my dog to an emergency vet after a seizure? Seek emergency care if the seizure lasts more than five minutes, if your dog has multiple seizures in a day or if your dog does not fully recover between seizures. Also go if toxins may be involved. Can I give my dog medication during a seizure? Do not give anything by mouth. Some dogs have prescribed emergency intranasal or rectal medication, but only use these as instructed by a vet.

Cluster seizures in dogs are one of the most urgent and frightening neurological emergencies a dog can experience. These events place enormous stress on the brain and body, and they can escalate quickly if not treated. When a dog has repeated seizures in a short period, or a seizure that will not stop, knowing exactly what to do can save their life. This guide explains cluster seizures in dogs in a clear, friendly and supportive way so that owners understand the condition, recognise warning signs, carry out first aid safely and know what to expect when they reach the vet. You will also find links to related articles that help build a complete understanding of seizures, triggers, recovery and long-term management. Understanding seizures in dogs What actually happens during a seizure A seizure occurs when the brain produces abnormal electrical activity. This sudden burst of disorganised signals disrupts normal function and can cause: Loss of consciousness Uncontrolled muscle movements Stiffness or paddling Drooling or foaming Involuntary urination or defecation Behavioural changes or confusion Seizures vary widely from dog to dog. Some may fall over and paddle, while others simply stare or show subtle twitching. All types count as seizures. To understand the pre-ictal, ictal and post-ictal phases in more detail, you can read the guide to the three stages of an epileptic seizure . What cluster seizures in dogs are Cluster seizures in dogs means your dog experiences two or more seizures within a 24-hour period . These seizures may occur minutes or hours apart. The risk is that the dog’s brain does not fully stabilise between episodes, leaving them more vulnerable to further seizures. Cluster seizures are dangerous because: They raise body temperature quickly The brain becomes exhausted The dog may not fully regain awareness between seizures They can escalate into status epilepticus They can cause long-term neurological damage without treatment Dogs with Canine Epilepsy are more likely to experience cluster seizures, but toxins, infections, trauma and metabolic disorders can also trigger them. What status epilepticus is Status epilepticus is the most severe form of seizure emergency. It is defined as: A seizure lasting longer than five minutes , or A series of seizures where the dog does not regain consciousness  between them Status epilepticus is life-threatening. Without emergency treatment, it can cause: Overheating and organ failure Oxygen deprivation Dangerous changes in heart rhythm Permanent brain damage Death Cluster seizures in dogs can progress to status epilepticus if medical help is delayed. How to recognise an emergency All seizures need attention, but not all require emergency care. Cluster seizures and status epilepticus always do. When it becomes urgent Contact your vet or an emergency clinic immediately if: A seizure lasts longer than five minutes Your dog has more than one seizure in a day Your dog does not fully wake up after a seizure Your dog collapses or is extremely weak Your dog is struggling to breathe A toxin may have been ingested This is your dog’s first seizure Your dog has a known diagnosis of Canine Epilepsy but the seizure pattern has suddenly worsened Early warning signs to watch for Some dogs show changes before a seizure begins. These early clues may include: Sudden clinginess Restlessness Confusion Lip licking Trembling Drooling A vacant look Pacing or hiding If seizures tend to follow excitement, stress or heat, you may find it helpful to read the guide on identifying seizure triggers for your dog . Understanding triggers can help reduce seizure frequency over time. What to do next: Step-by-step first aid for dogs with seizures You cannot stop a seizure once it has begun. The goal of first aid is always the same: keep your dog safe until the seizure ends . Keeping your dog safe during the seizure 1. Stay calm and check the time Timing the seizure is crucial. If it reaches five minutes, treat it as an emergency. 2. Keep the environment safe Move furniture, wires and sharp objects away. Create space around your dog. If the seizure is happening near water, stairs or edges, gently slide your dog to safety. Do not lift or restrain them. 3. Avoid the mouth Dogs cannot swallow their tongues. Putting your hands near the mouth risks a bite. 4. Reduce stimulation Lower lights and noise. Keep other pets and family members back. 5. Gently cool if the seizure is prolonged If the seizure lasts longer than two minutes, you can: Use a fan Place a cool cloth on the belly or paws Do not use ice or cold water. Supporting your dog after the seizure The recovery phase, known as the post-ictal period, may involve: Confusion Temporary blindness Excessive hunger Clinginess Pacing Restlessness Allow your dog to rest in a quiet, dim space and speak gently. To understand this stage more fully, you can read the full guide on seizure recovery in dogs . Keep a seizure diary Record: Start and end time How many seizures occurred Behaviour before and after Possible triggers Any recent diet, supplement or medication changes This information supports long-term Dog Health and helps your vet determine whether treatment adjustments are needed. When to contact your vet or emergency clinic Cluster seizures and status epilepticus must be treated by a professional. Do not wait to see if it gets better. Call your vet if: The seizure lasts more than five minutes Your dog has more than one seizure within 24 hours Your dog stays disorientated for longer than usual Your dog has difficulty breathing The seizure follows toxin exposure You feel overwhelmed or unsure Many dogs with Epilepsy in Dogs will eventually be given an at-home emergency medication plan, but this must be discussed with your vet. What a vet does during an emergency: Step-by-step treatment Knowing what will happen at the vet can help relieve fear and prepare you for the decisions ahead. Step 1. Immediate stabilisation Your dog will be taken straight to the treatment area. The vet or nurse will check: Temperature Blood glucose Heart rate Oxygen levels Breathing effort The priority is to stop the seizure and stabilise vital functions. Step 2. Emergency anticonvulsant medication To halt the seizure, vets typically administer: Diazepam intravenously or rectally Midazolam intravenously or intranasally Propofol intravenously for seizures that will not stop Levetiracetam as a rapid loading dose If seizures continue, a continuous infusion of midazolam, diazepam or propofol may be used. Step 3. Oxygen and cooling support Because seizures raise body temperature, the team may: Use fans Apply cool packs Give IV fluids Provide oxygen through a mask or tube This prevents heat damage to the brain. Step 4. Blood tests Cluster seizures in dogs can also be caused by underlying issues. Blood tests may check for: Low glucose Electrolyte imbalances Liver or kidney disease Infection Toxins Inflammatory brain disease This helps direct long-term treatment. Step 5. Intravenous fluids IV fluids protect organs, stabilise blood pressure and support overall recovery. Step 6. Safely guiding your dog through the post-seizure period After a severe seizure, dogs may be: Blind Restless Vocal Uncoordinated Highly anxious The veterinary team monitors them closely to ensure safety and address complications. Step 7. Preventing further seizures Dogs who experience cluster seizures are at high risk of more. Vets may prescribe: Phenobarbital Levetiracetam Potassium bromide (long-term) Emergency at-home medication Hospital monitoring Step 8. Developing a long-term plan Once stable, your vet will discuss: Whether your dog now meets the criteria for Canine Epilepsy Medication schedules Blood monitoring Trigger avoidance strategies Heat management Diet options that may support seizure control Referral to a neurologist if needed Supporting yourself and your dog at home Seizures are emotionally draining. Both you and your dog may feel shaken afterwards. Recovery takes time. Help your dog by: Allowing quiet rest Offering water when fully aware Avoiding exercise for 12 to 24 hours Keeping lights and noise low Staying close and calm Help yourself by: Taking a moment to breathe Writing down what happened while it is fresh Using your support network Asking your vet questions Reading more about seizure management topics Managing Dogs with Seizures is challenging, but with knowledge and preparation, owners feel far more confident and capable. FAQs What should I do first when my dog has a seizure? Stay calm, check the time and move hazards away. Keep the environment quiet. Do not touch the mouth. Once the seizure ends, comfort your dog and call your vet if it lasts more than five minutes or if another seizure follows. How long can a seizure last before it is an emergency? A seizure lasting more than five minutes is an emergency and may be status epilepticus. Cluster seizures in dogs, meaning more than one seizure within 24 hours, also require urgent veterinary help. Should I move my dog during a seizure? Only if they are at risk. Slide them gently away from danger but do not restrain or lift them. Restraint can cause injury. When should I take my dog to an emergency vet after a seizure? Seek emergency care if the seizure lasts more than five minutes, if your dog has multiple seizures in a day or if your dog does not fully recover between seizures. Also go if toxins may be involved. Can I give my dog medication during a seizure? Do not give anything by mouth. Some dogs have prescribed emergency intranasal or rectal medication, but only use these as instructed by a vet.

TTouch Therapy for Epilepsy in Dogs: A Gentle Way to Support Calm and Control Seizures Caring for a dog with epilepsy can be challenging, emotional, and at times, overwhelming. Medication is often the first line of defence—and it’s essential—but it's not the only tool available to help dogs live better lives with this condition. As science continues to reveal the powerful link between stress and seizures, more attention is turning to gentle, holistic approaches that support emotional regulation and wellbeing. One of the most promising of these is TTouch therapy for epilepsy in dogs . This hands-on method helps reduce stress, calm the nervous system, and improve your dog’s quality of life—all without medication or invasive techniques. Whether your dog is newly diagnosed or has been living with seizures for years, TTouch offers a valuable, practical way to support their health. What Is TTouch? Tellington TTouch®  (commonly shortened to TTouch) is a bodywork and movement therapy developed by animal expert Linda Tellington-Jones. Originally designed for horses, it’s now used widely for dogs, cats, and even zoo animals. TTouch is based on the idea that posture, tension, and behaviour are interconnected. By using light, circular touches and mindful body movements, TTouch aims to improve: Physical comfort Emotional regulation Body awareness Overall wellbeing TTouch is grounded in the principles of neurological regulation —it encourages calmness by activating the parasympathetic nervous system, which promotes relaxation and recovery. For dogs with seizures , this matters. Stress is a known seizure trigger. When we help a dog feel physically and emotionally safe, we may help reduce the risk of seizure episodes or lessen their severity. Why Stress Management Matters in Canine Epilepsy In the 2019 review Behavioural Interventions as an Adjunctive Treatment for Canine Epilepsy  (Packer et al.), researchers highlighted the critical role of stress and emotional health in canine epilepsy . They noted: “There is a bidirectional relationship between seizures and psychological states.”(Packer et al., 2019) In other words, stress can increase the likelihood of seizures, and seizures themselves can lead to more anxiety—a vicious cycle. Unfortunately, many commonly used medications for anxiety are either contraindicated in epilepsy  or have interactions with anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), making non-pharmaceutical options like TTouch even more valuable. TTouch therapy for epilepsy in dogs  offers a low-risk, side-effect-free  way to support your dog’s emotional and neurological health. By helping your dog relax, you're not just making them feel better—you may be helping prevent their next seizure. How TTouch Might Support Dog Health and Seizure Control TTouch uses gentle pressure and slow, intentional movement to create a sense of calm. This has multiple effects on the body: Reduces muscular tension (which may build during stress or anxiety) Lowers heart rate and respiration through parasympathetic activation Improves proprioception (body awareness), helping dogs feel safer and more coordinated Interrupts habitual stress responses, including fear-based reactivity This is especially important for dogs with seizures , who may display signs of anxiety, hypervigilance, or fear in the lead-up to an episode (the “prodromal” phase). TTouch gives owners a way to help dogs stay grounded and calm, potentially reducing seizure triggers. TTouch Techniques to Use at Home You don’t need to be a professional to get started. Here are several safe, beginner-friendly TTouch techniques that you can do with your dog today. 🐶 1. The Ear TTouch (Ear Slides) Why it works:  The ears are rich in nerve endings that affect the parasympathetic system. How to do it: Hold the base of your dog’s ear gently between your thumb and forefinger. Slowly slide your fingers toward the tip of the ear. Repeat 3–5 times per ear.This technique is commonly used during and after seizures to help recovery and re-regulation. 🌀 2. Clouded Leopard Circular Touches Why it works:  Increases body awareness and eases stored tension. How to do it: Use the pads of your fingers to make small, clockwise circles (about the size of a 5p coin). Apply very light pressure—just enough to move the skin. Move slowly across your dog’s back, shoulders, or hindquarters. 🩹 3. Body Wraps Why it works:  Provides gentle pressure, like a “hug,” which increases body awareness and helps nervous dogs feel grounded. How to do it: Use a soft elastic bandage or specially made calming wrap. Wrap it around your dog’s chest and back in a figure-eight pattern. Ensure it’s snug but not tight—you should be able to easily slide a hand underneath. 🐾 4. Mouth Work and Tail Touches Why it works:  The tail and muzzle are often sensitive areas that store tension. Working these gently can support nervous system regulation. How to do it: Use soft circular touches around the muzzle or base of the tail. Observe for signs of release like yawning, sighing, or blinking. Tips for Success Start when your dog is already calm —not during or immediately after a seizure. Keep sessions short and positive —just 2–5 minutes to begin with. Observe your dog’s signals. If they move away, change position, or seem uncomfortable, pause and reassess. Never force physical touch —TTouch should feel safe and respectful, not restraining. Avoid overstimulating areas like the paws or neck if your dog is particularly sensitive. When to Use TTouch TTouch is not a replacement for medication or veterinary care—but it can be used alongside other treatments to: Lower day-to-day stress levels Help with recovery after seizures Build a stronger bond between dog and owner Support behaviour therapy plans for related issues like noise phobia or general anxiety Where to Learn More If you want to go deeper, there are many ways to explore TTouch: Books by Linda Tellington-Jones Online courses or YouTube tutorials TTouch practitioners and workshops  (many operate in the UK and offer virtual sessions) Working with a qualified TTouch practitioner can help you tailor a plan for your dog’s individual needs—especially if your dog has epilepsy or behavioural comorbidities . Final Thoughts: TTouch Therapy for Epilepsy in Dogs: How Gentle Touch Helps Dogs with Seizures TTouch therapy for epilepsy in dogs  is more than just a calming massage—it’s a whole-body, whole-mind approach to wellbeing. In a condition where stress and seizures are closely linked, having a tool that helps your dog feel safe, grounded, and emotionally balanced is a gift. Used consistently, TTouch may help reduce seizure frequency, ease anxiety, and improve dog health  overall. Best of all, it’s something you can do with your own hands—in your own home—at your own pace. References Packer RMA, Hobbs SL, Blackwell EJ. Behavioural Interventions as an Adjunctive Treatment for Canine Epilepsy: A Missing Part of the Epilepsy Management Toolkit?  Front Vet Sci. 2019;6:3. doi:10.3389/fvets.2019.00003 Tellington-Jones, L. Getting in TTouch with Your Dog , 2001 Additional insights on parasympathetic activation and stress reduction in dogs (referenced within Packer et al., 2019)

For dogs diagnosed with epilepsy, tracking their seizures is essential to ensure they receive the best possible care from their veterinarian. By actively monitoring and recording seizure activity, you can provide your vet with valuable information that aids in accurate diagnosis, treatment planning, and ongoing management of canine epilepsy. In this article, we will explore the steps to properly track seizures in dogs, allowing you to collaborate effectively with your vet for optimal care. In this article, you will find a FREE SEIZURE LOG, a comprehensive document that will help you track all important aspects of seizure activity. Recognize the Signs of a Seizure To track seizures in epileptic dogs effectively, it's crucial to be familiar with the signs of a seizure in dogs. Refer to our previous blog post, " Did My Dog Have a Seizure? 5 Telltale Signs ," to learn more about identifying seizure symptoms, such as uncontrolled muscle movements, altered consciousness, loss of bodily functions, excessive salivation, and post-seizure confusion and fatigue. Create a Seizure Log : Maintaining a seizure diary is an excellent way to track your dog's seizure activity. In the diary, record essential details such as the date, time, duration, and intensity of each seizure. Additionally, note any pre-seizure warning signs, post-seizure behavior, and environmental factors that may have triggered the seizure. This comprehensive record will help your vet better understand your dog's condition. We have created a seizure log you can use to collect important information. It is available for free download below and can be printed as needed. This printable will outline how to track seizures in epileptic dogs properly. Use Video Recordings: Whenever possible, capture video recordings of your dog during a seizure. Videos provide visual evidence of the seizure's characteristics, such as the type of movements exhibited, duration, and post-seizure behaviour. These recordings can be valuable for your vet's assessment and aid in distinguishing seizures from other conditions that may resemble them. Monitor Frequency and Patterns: Track Seizures in Dogs With Epilepsy Keep track of the frequency and patterns of your dog's seizures. Note how often seizures occur and whether there are any particular triggers or patterns associated with them. Identifying patterns can help your vet make informed decisions regarding treatment adjustments and provide insights into potential triggers that could be avoided. Communicate with Your Veterinarian: Regular communication with your veterinarian is vital for proper seizure tracking. Keep your vet informed about any changes in your dog's seizure activity, including frequency, intensity, and any new symptoms that may arise. Discuss your seizure diary findings and provide updates during routine check-ups or as recommended by your vet. This collaboration ensures your vet has the most accurate and up-to-date information to guide treatment decisions.

When your dog experiences an upset stomach, finding remedies to alleviate their discomfort becomes a top priority. It's also no fun having to wake up to let them out throughout the night or watch them in distress. Unfortunately, common side effects of anti-epileptic drugs such as phenobarbital and potassium bromide are diarrhoea or vomiting. While it's crucial to consult with your veterinarian for proper diagnosis and guidance, you can try several natural approaches at home to soothe your dog's upset stomach and protect their gastrointestinal tract. This article will explore specific dietary changes, herbal supplements, and stress management techniques that can help promote digestive health and relieve your furry friend. Chicken and Plain Pumpkin for Upset Stomach in Dogs Transitioning your dog to a bland diet is the first port of call. It can be highly beneficial for soothing an upset stomach. Consider feeding them boiled chicken, rice, or plain pumpkin, easily digestible options. Remember not to feed them too much rice, as high carbohydrate content can contribute to seizure activity in some dogs. These gentle foods help settle the stomach and provide relief. Gradually reintroduce their regular diet once their stomach has settled. Probiotic Supplements Probiotics are beneficial bacteria that support a healthy gut and aid in digestion. Look for high-quality probiotic supplements specifically formulated for dogs. These supplements help restore the balance of gut bacteria and promote digestive health. Probiotics can alleviate gastrointestinal issues and strengthen the immune system. I always have a tube of Protexin at hand in case of stomach issues. The product contains the following beneficial ingredients and can alleviate stomach upset quickly: Probiotics A natural 'friendly' bacterium, Enterococcus faecium (DSM 10663/ NCIMB 10415) 4b1707, which helps to keep the level of beneficial bacteria high and exclude pathogenic species. Preplex prebiotics A prebiotic, consisting of fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) and acacia (Gum arabic), which helps to feed and stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria. Kaolin A natural binding agent which helps to firm up the faeces. Pectin To help soothe the gut lining. Artificial beef flavouring To improve palatability and compliance. Digestive Enzyme Supplements Digestive enzyme supplements help improve the breakdown and absorption of nutrients, easing the strain on your dog's digestive system. These supplements contain enzymes like amylase, protease, and lipase, which support the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, respectively. Adding digestive enzyme supplements to your dog's meals can aid in reducing digestive discomfort and improving nutrient absorption. Slippery Elm Bark Slippery elm bark is a natural herb known for its soothing properties. It forms a gel-like substance when mixed with water, providing a protective coating along the gastrointestinal tract. This coating helps alleviate inflammation and irritation, reducing discomfort caused by an upset stomach. You can find slippery elm bark in powder or capsule form and administer it according to your veterinarian's instructions. I recommend Verm-X Original Crunchies for Dogs , which contains Slippery Elm Bark, to be used as a daily supplement to protect against stomach issues. Made from 100% natural active ingredients, the Verm-X can be fed all year round and is used for daily control and protection of intestinal hygiene. Slippery elm is not known to have serious side effects, but because it coats the digestive tract, it may slow down the absorption of other drugs or herbs. You should give your dog slippery elm 2 hours before or after other herbs or medications they are taking. Marshmallow Root Marshmallow root is another herb with mucilaginous properties that can help soothe the digestive system. It forms a protective layer along the stomach lining, reducing inflammation and promoting healing. Marshmallow root is available in powder or capsule form, and its dosage should be determined by your veterinarian. Conclusion Treating an upset stomach in dogs involves making dietary changes, incorporating beneficial supplements, and managing stress. While these natural remedies can provide relief and support digestive health, it's important to consult with your veterinarian for personalized advice. Each dog is unique, and their specific needs may vary. By combining natural approaches with professional guidance, you can effectively soothe your dog's upset stomach and promote their overall well-being.

Why shampoo choice matters for epileptic dogs Bathing your dog keeps their coat clean, skin healthy, and reduces allergens. However, if your dog has epilepsy, the products you use matter more than you might think. Some common shampoo ingredients can irritate the skin, disrupt hormones, or affect the nervous system, potentially increasing the risk of seizure activity in sensitive dogs. Understanding which ingredients to avoid and how to choose safe alternatives can make bath time both relaxing and beneficial for your dog. Understanding toxins and seizures A dog’s skin is highly absorbent. When shampoos containing harsh chemicals are applied, small amounts can be absorbed into the bloodstream through the skin. In dogs with epilepsy, this exposure may influence nervous system activity or interact with medications. Ingredients that may pose risks include: Artificial fragrances and dyes:  These often contain synthetic chemicals that can irritate sensitive skin and may overstimulate the nervous system. Parabens and phthalates:  Used as preservatives and fragrance stabilisers, these compounds are known endocrine disruptors that can interfere with hormonal balance. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and sodium laureth sulfate (SLES):  Harsh detergents that can dry the skin, cause irritation, and increase absorption of other chemicals. Formaldehyde-releasing preservatives:  Found in some cheaper shampoos, these can cause allergic reactions and skin inflammation. Although these ingredients do not cause epilepsy, they can potentially lower seizure thresholds or trigger neurological stress in dogs already prone to seizures. Choosing non-toxic, veterinary-approved shampoos helps reduce unnecessary risks. The best shampoo qualities for dogs with epilepsy When selecting a shampoo for your dog, look for formulations that are safe, mild, and specifically designed for sensitive skin. Key qualities to look for: Non-toxic formulation:  Choose shampoos free from artificial dyes, fragrances, parabens, and sulfates. Certified natural or organic products are usually gentler. Hypoallergenic and fragrance-free:  Fragrance-free shampoos reduce the risk of allergic or neurological reactions. Soothing ingredients:  Natural moisturisers such as oatmeal, aloe vera, chamomile, and coconut oil can help calm itchy or dry skin. Balanced pH:  Shampoos formulated for a dog’s natural skin pH (around 6.5–7.5) are less likely to cause irritation. Some veterinary and natural grooming brands produce hypoallergenic and organic shampoos specifically for sensitive or reactive dogs. Always consult your vet before trying a new product, especially if your dog has frequent seizures or is on multiple medications. Safe bathing techniques for dogs with epilepsy Bathing should always be gentle and calm to prevent unnecessary stress or stimulation. During the bath: Use lukewarm water, as extreme temperatures can increase stress or trigger discomfort. Gently massage rather than scrub, to keep your dog relaxed. Avoid the head and ear areas where products can accidentally enter the eyes or ear canal. After the bath: Rinse thoroughly to remove all shampoo residue, as leftover product can irritate the skin. Towel-dry your dog in a quiet, warm space. Avoid using loud dryers unless your dog is comfortable with them. Offer water and reassurance while your dog rests. Bathing frequency How often you should bathe your dog depends on their coat type, lifestyle, and skin health. Overbathing can remove natural oils that protect the skin barrier. As a general rule, bathing every 4 to 8 weeks  is suitable for most dogs with epilepsy, unless your vet recommends otherwise. In between baths, brushing and spot-cleaning can help maintain coat condition without overloading the skin with product. Final thoughts: The Best Pet Shampoo for Dogs with Epilepsy Choosing the right shampoo may seem like a small detail, but for dogs with epilepsy, it plays a part in supporting overall neurological health. Avoiding harsh chemicals, using soothing and natural ingredients, and keeping bathing routines calm and consistent can help minimise seizure triggers and skin irritation. If your dog ever shows signs of sensitivity such as redness, itching, or increased seizures after bathing, speak with your veterinarian immediately. With the right approach, bath time can remain a safe, soothing, and positive part of your dog’s care routine.

Why understanding seizure stages matters Watching your dog experience a seizure can be frightening, but knowing what’s happening helps you stay calm and respond effectively. A seizure is caused by a sudden burst of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. This affects how nerve cells communicate, leading to physical, behavioural, and sensory changes. Seizures in dogs typically progress through three main stages: The pre-ictal phase  (also called the aura or warning phase) The ictal phase  (the seizure itself) The post-ictal phase  (recovery) Each stage has its own features, duration, and implications for care. 1. Pre-ictal Phase (Aura): The Early Warning Stage The pre-ictal phase occurs before a seizure begins and can last from minutes to several hours , sometimes even longer in certain dogs. This phase reflects early brain changes before visible seizure activity starts. What happens in the brain Small groups of neurons begin firing irregularly, disrupting normal communication between brain regions. These changes can temporarily alter a dog’s mood, behaviour, and body sensations. What you might notice Restlessness, pacing, or whining Seeking comfort or becoming unusually clingy Staring into space or appearing confused Excessive licking, trembling, or changes in breathing Why it matters Recognising this phase gives you a vital window to prepare — for example, guiding your dog away from stairs, turning off bright lights, or creating a safe, padded space in case the seizure progresses. 2. Ictal Phase: The Seizure Itself The ictal phase is the active seizure. This is when abnormal electrical activity spreads through the brain and produces visible symptoms. It usually lasts from a few seconds to a few minutes . What happens in the brain During this phase, many neurons fire together in an uncontrolled way. Depending on where the activity starts and how far it spreads, seizures can be focal (partial)  or generalised . Focal seizures  affect one area of the brain, causing localised signs such as facial twitching, unusual eye movements, or repetitive chewing motions. Generalised seizures  involve both hemispheres, leading to loss of consciousness, collapse, and whole-body convulsions. Typical features of the ictal phase Sudden collapse or stiffness (tonic phase) Jerking or paddling movements (clonic phase) Drooling, vocalising, or chomping motions Temporary loss of bladder or bowel control Pupils dilated and unresponsive to light What to do Stay calm and keep your dog safe from hard objects or sharp corners Do not  hold your dog down or place anything in their mouth Turn off bright lights and reduce noise if possible Note the start time  and duration  for your vet If a seizure lasts longer than five minutes , seek emergency veterinary help immediately (this may indicate status epilepticus , a medical emergency) 3. Post-ictal Phase: The Recovery Period After the seizure, the brain begins to stabilise and restore normal function. This recovery stage is called the post-ictal phase . It can last from a few minutes to several hours , and occasionally longer. What happens in the brain Following a seizure, neurons are temporarily exhausted. Brain chemistry and oxygen levels fluctuate as the nervous system recalibrates. What you might observe Confusion or temporary blindness Disorientation, bumping into objects, or appearing lost Restlessness, pacing, or whining Fatigue and deep sleep Increased hunger or thirst How to help your dog recover Keep your dog in a quiet, dimly lit room Speak softly and avoid sudden noises or movements Offer water once they are fully aware Allow rest and avoid stimulation until your dog seems settled When to seek veterinary attention Contact your vet if: Your dog experiences a seizure for the first time A seizure lasts longer than five minutes Multiple seizures occur within 24 hours (cluster seizures) The seizure pattern changes in frequency, duration, or intensity You notice new or unusual neurological signs between seizures Prompt veterinary care helps rule out underlying conditions and ensures your dog’s treatment plan is properly adjusted. Key takeaways Understanding the three stages of an epileptic seizure helps you stay calm, protect your dog, and provide meaningful information to your vet. The pre-ictal phase  provides early warning signs. The ictal phase  is the seizure itself. The post-ictal phase  is recovery and reset. Each stage tells you something important about your dog’s brain activity and overall progress. If your dog experiences a seizure, stay calm, keep them safe, and let them rest afterward. With understanding and preparation, you can make these moments less frightening and more manageable for both you and your dog. References Berendt M., Farquhar R. G., Mandigers P. J. J., et al. (2015). International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force consensus report on epilepsy definition, classification and terminology in companion animals.  BMC Veterinary Research. De Risio L., Bhatti S. F. M., Muñana K. R., et al. (2015). International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force consensus proposal: Diagnostic approach to epilepsy in dogs.  BMC Veterinary Research. Packer R. M. A., Shihab N., Torres B. B., & Volk H. A. (2016). Behavioural changes in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy.  Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. Rusbridge C., et al. (2015). BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Neurology.  BSAVA.

When managing idiopathic epilepsy in dogs, nutrition plays a vital role in reducing the frequency and severity of seizures. Two key dietary interventions, namely the ketogenic diet and the use of medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil, have shown promise in improving seizure control. This article will delve into the science behind these strategies and explain how they impact dogs with epilepsy. Additionally, we will provide essential dietary guidance and discuss when to seek veterinary attention for optimal management of canine epilepsy. Ketogenic Diet: Impact on Dogs with Epilepsy A ketogenic diet is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate, and moderate-protein diet that induces a metabolic state called ketosis in the body. In this state, the body shifts its primary fuel source from glucose (derived from carbohydrates) to ketones (produced from fat breakdown). Ketones provide an alternative energy source for the brain, which can help stabilise neuronal activity and reduce seizures. The ketogenic diet aims to maintain low blood sugar levels and promote ketone production by restricting carbohydrates. The diet typically consists of high-quality animal-based proteins, healthy fats (such as coconut oil or salmon oil), and minimal amounts of carbohydrates from sources like vegetables. The specific fat, protein, and carbohydrate ratio may vary based on individual dog needs and veterinary guidance. MCT Oil: Impact on Dogs with Epilepsy Medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil is a dietary supplement that contains medium-chain fatty acids, which are easily digested and rapidly converted into ketones. MCT oil supplementation can enhance the production of ketones in the body, providing an additional energy source for the brain and supporting seizure control. When administered in appropriate doses, MCT oil can help maintain a ketogenic state, even if the dog's diet contains some carbohydrates. It is important to start with small amounts of MCT oil and gradually increase the dosage under veterinary supervision to minimize the risk of gastrointestinal upset. The combined effects of a ketogenic diet and MCT oil can provide a powerful tool for managing seizures in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. Read our guide to Choosing the Best MCT Oil for your Epileptic Dog. Foods to Avoid for Epileptic Dogs While proper nutrition is crucial for managing epilepsy in dogs, it's equally important to be aware of certain foods that may potentially trigger or exacerbate seizures. Here are some foods to avoid: Artificial Additives: Artificial flavours, colours, and preservatives commonly found in many commercial pet foods can potentially contribute to seizure activity. Opt for natural and minimally processed options that do not contain these additives. High-Glycemic Carbohydrates: Foods high in sugars and simple carbohydrates can cause rapid spikes in blood sugar levels, which may trigger seizures. Avoid feeding your epileptic dog foods such as corn, wheat, white rice, and sugary treats. Instead, focus on providing complex carbohydrates from sources like sweet potatoes or low-glycemic vegetables. Allergenic Foods: Some dogs with epilepsy may have underlying food allergies or sensitivities that can worsen seizure activity. Identify and eliminate any potential allergenic ingredients, such as soy, dairy products, certain grains (like wheat or corn), or specific protein sources your dog may be sensitive to. Toxic Foods: Certain human foods can be toxic to dogs and may lead to seizures or other health complications. Avoid feeding your epileptic dog foods like chocolate, caffeine, alcohol, grapes, raisins, onions, garlic, and anything containing xylitol (an artificial sweetener). These substances can be highly dangerous and potentially life-threatening to dogs. It's important to note that every dog is unique, and certain foods may affect them differently. Monitoring your dog's response to different foods and keeping a detailed record of any changes in seizure activity can help identify potential triggers. Download our free Seizure Tracker here . Conclusion: Nutritional Management of Idiopathic Epilepsy in Dogs A well-designed ketogenic diet and the incorporation of MCT oil can be powerful tools in managing idiopathic epilepsy in dogs. Understanding the science behind these nutritional interventions and working closely with your veterinarian can optimize your dog's seizure control.

Focal seizures, also known as partial seizures, are one common manifestation of canine epilepsy. For dog owners whose beloved pets have been diagnosed with the condition, it's important to be able to recognise when your dog is experiencing seizure activity of any kind. This article will explore focal seizures in dogs, including signs and symptoms, and how to identify them. Increasing your awareness and knowledge can provide better care and support for your dog during seizure events. Understanding Focal Seizures Focal seizures originate in specific areas of the brain and affect localized regions or specific body parts of the dog. Unlike generalized seizures that involve the entire body, focal seizures are more limited in their scope. The brain consists of billions of neurons (nerve cells) that communicate with each other through electrical signals. During a focal seizure, there is a temporary disruption in the normal electrical activity within a localized region of the brain. This abnormal activity in the affected brain region can lead to different manifestations depending on the area involved. The brain is divided into lobes, and different lobes control different functions of the body. If the focal seizure occurs in the motor cortex, which controls movement, it may result in muscle twitching or jerking in specific body parts. If the focal seizure occurs in the temporal lobe, which is involved in memory and emotions, it may cause altered behaviour, unusual vocalizations, or sensory disturbances. The abnormal electrical activity in the focal area can spread to other parts of the brain, leading to a secondary generalized seizure. This transition from a focal seizure to a generalized seizure involves the involvement of both brain hemispheres and results in a more widespread impact on the body. Signs and Symptoms of Focal Seizures Altered Behavior: Focal seizures can cause sudden changes in your dog's behavior. They may appear confused, anxious, or disoriented. Some dogs may exhibit repetitive movements, such as excessive licking, chewing, or scratching at a particular body part. Muscle Twitching or Jerking: Focal seizures often involve involuntary muscle movements. You may notice twitching or jerking in a specific limb, face, or other body parts. The movements may be rhythmic or irregular and may last from a few seconds to a few minutes. Sensory Disturbances: Dogs experiencing focal seizures may exhibit sensory abnormalities. They may show signs of heightened sensitivity to touch, sound, or light. Some dogs may display abnormal reactions, such as sudden aggression or fearfulness. Unusual Vocalizations: Focal seizures can cause dogs to produce abnormal vocalizations, such as barking, howling, or whimpering, even without any apparent external stimuli. Unresponsiveness: During a focal seizure, your dog may become temporarily unresponsive or less aware of their surroundings. They may not respond to their name or familiar commands. Responding to Focal Seizures When you observe your dog having a focal seizure, it's important to remain calm and take the following steps: Create a Safe Environment: Clear any potentially dangerous objects or obstacles from your dog's immediate vicinity to prevent injury during the seizure. Time the Seizure: Note the start time of the seizure. Focal seizures typically last for a shorter duration compared to generalized seizures. Timing the seizure can provide valuable information for your veterinarian. Avoid Physical Interactions : Do not try to restrain or touch your dog during a seizure, as it may unintentionally prolong the episode or cause injury. Seek Veterinary Attention: If your dog experiences focal seizures for the first time, or if the frequency, intensity, or duration of the seizures change, consult with your veterinarian for proper evaluation, diagnosis, and guidance on the management of your dog's epilepsy. Conclusion: Recognizing Focal Seizures in Dogs with Epilepsy Being able to recognize focal seizures in dogs with epilepsy is crucial for providing appropriate care and support. By familiarizing yourself with the signs and symptoms of focal seizures, you can effectively communicate with your veterinarian, contribute to accurate diagnosis, and implement appropriate seizure management strategies. Always consult your veterinarian for professional advice tailored to your dog's specific needs and to ensure the best possible care for your furry friend.

If your beloved dog has been diagnosed with epilepsy, it's important to familiarize yourself with the different types of seizures they may experience. Canine epilepsy encompasses various seizure types, each characterized by unique symptoms and patterns. By recognizing and understanding these different seizure types, you can provide better care and support for your furry friend. In this informative article, we will explore the different types of seizures seen in dogs with epilepsy, including generalized seizures, status epilepticus, focal/partial seizures, and psychomotor seizures. Additionally, we will discuss the diagnostic process for idiopathic epilepsy. Generalized Seizures Generalized seizures are the most common type observed in dogs with epilepsy. They involve abnormal electrical activity in both brain hemispheres and can result in loss of consciousness. Generalized seizures can be further categorized into: Tonic-Clonic Seizures These seizures are characterized by stiffening of the muscles (tonic phase) followed by rhythmic jerking movements (clonic phase). Possible Symptoms: Stiffening of the muscles (tonic phase) Rhythmic jerking movements (clonic phase) Loss of consciousness Drooling, excessive salivation Urination or defecation during the seizure Possible vocalization or howling Absence Seizures Dogs experiencing absence seizures may appear momentarily "zoned out" or stare into space. These seizures are typically brief and may go unnoticed. Possible Symptoms: Brief episodes of staring into space Altered consciousness or temporarily "zoned out" Minimal to no body movement Rapid recovery without post-seizure confusion Status Epilepticus Status epilepticus is a medical emergency and refers to prolonged (over 5 minutes) or recurring seizures without recovery in between. It requires immediate veterinary attention, as it can be life-threatening and cause severe complications. If you suspect your dog is experiencing status epilepticus, seek veterinary care without delay. Focal/Partial Seizures Focal or partial seizures originate in specific areas of the brain and affect localized regions or body parts. These seizures can manifest as altered behaviour, repetitive movements, sensory disturbances, or muscle twitching/jerking in specific body parts. Unlike generalized seizures, focal seizures do not involve the entire body. Possible Symptoms: Altered behaviour or unusual actions Repetitive movements (e.g., head shaking, biting) Muscle twitching or jerking in specific body parts Pacing or circling Temporary unresponsiveness or disorientation Sensory disturbances (e.g., hallucinations, abnormal smells) Possible vocalizations or growling Psychomotor Seizures Psychomotor seizures, also known as complex partial seizures, are characterized by abnormal behaviours or movements that may appear purposeful but are actually involuntary. Dogs experiencing psychomotor seizures may engage in repetitive actions, exhibit strange behaviours, or appear disoriented. Possible Symptoms: Complex behaviors that may appear purposeful but are involuntary Repetitive actions or movements Pacing or wandering aimlessly Excessive drooling or salivation Vocalizations (barking, whining, howling) Confusion or disorientation Possible aggression or fear response Conclusion: Understanding Different Types of Seizures in Dogs with Canine Epilepsy Recognizing and understanding the different types of seizures in dogs with epilepsy is essential for providing appropriate care and support. Whether it's generalized seizures, status epilepticus, focal/partial seizures, or psychomotor seizures, each type presents unique characteristics and requires specific management approaches. By consulting with your veterinarian, implementing proper seizure management strategies, and maintaining regular follow-ups, you can optimize the well-being and quality of life for your canine companion with epilepsy.

Why anti-epileptic drugs are important If your dog has been diagnosed with epilepsy, you’ve probably been prescribed one or more anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). These medicines can feel intimidating at first, but they’re often life-changing for dogs with seizures. AEDs help reduce how often seizures happen and how severe they are, allowing your dog to live a happier, more stable life. The goal of treatment is always to find the lowest possible dose that keeps seizures under control while keeping side effects minimal. Understanding how each medication works can help you feel confident in your dog’s treatment plan and recognise what’s normal during the adjustment period. How anti-epileptic drugs work Seizures happen when groups of brain cells start firing too quickly and all at once. Anti-epileptic drugs calm this overactivity in different ways: Boosting inhibition:  Some drugs make the brain’s calming messenger, called GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), work more effectively. Reducing excitation:  Others stabilise the channels that let sodium or calcium flow into nerve cells, making them less excitable. Regulating communication:  A few medicines control how neurotransmitters are released between nerve cells. Each medication takes a slightly different approach, but all share the same goal, to help your dog’s brain stay balanced and reduce seizure activity. Common anti-epileptic medications and their effects Phenobarbital How it works Phenobarbital enhances GABA activity, helping to calm nerve signals in the brain. It’s one of the oldest and most effective anti-seizure medicines for dogs. Why it helps It’s usually the first drug your vet will try because it controls seizures in a large number of dogs. The dose can be adjusted based on blood levels to make sure your dog is getting just the right amount. Possible side effects Sleepiness or wobbliness, especially when first starting Increased thirst and appetite Weight gain Increased urination Higher liver enzyme readings on blood tests Regular blood tests are important to make sure your dog’s liver stays healthy and that the medication level is in the correct range. Potassium Bromide (KBr) How it works Potassium bromide helps the brain’s calming system (GABA) work more effectively, which reduces how easily neurons fire. Why it helps It’s often used if phenobarbital alone isn’t enough or can’t be used. Because it builds up slowly in the body, your vet may take several weeks to reach the right dose. Possible side effects Sleepiness or loss of coordination Increased thirst and urination Increased appetite and weight gain Mild stomach upset Keeping your dog’s diet consistent helps, since dietary salt affects how bromide is processed by the body. Levetiracetam How it works Levetiracetam acts on a protein in brain cells called SV2A, which helps control the release of neurotransmitters. This helps stabilise electrical activity in the brain. Why it helps It’s well tolerated, doesn’t affect the liver, and has very few interactions with other medications. It’s often used as an additional treatment for dogs who need extra control. Possible side effects Mild sleepiness or fatigue Reduced appetite Occasional stomach upset Rarely, mild behavioural changes such as restlessness Side effects are usually temporary and often improve as your dog adjusts. Zonisamide How it works Zonisamide reduces brain excitability by blocking sodium and calcium channels in nerve cells. Why it helps It can be used on its own or with other anti-seizure drugs. It’s generally well tolerated and suitable for long-term use in many dogs. Possible side effects Sleepiness or mild wobbliness Loss of appetite or vomiting Rare allergic skin reactions Very rarely, liver or kidney changes (your vet will monitor this) If your dog ever shows signs of a rash, yellow gums, or unusual tiredness, call your vet straight away. Imepitoin How it works Imepitoin gently boosts GABA activity in the brain, helping to calm electrical signals without causing deep sedation. Why it helps It’s licensed specifically for idiopathic epilepsy in dogs and can be used as a first-line treatment. It starts working quickly and is often well tolerated. Possible side effects Mild sleepiness or unsteady walking, especially in the first few days These effects usually fade as your dog’s body adapts Finding the right balance Every dog responds differently to medication. What matters most is finding the combination and dose that keeps seizures under control while maintaining your dog’s quality of life. Important things to remember Never stop or reduce an anti-seizure medication suddenly. This can trigger more severe seizures. Always taper under veterinary supervision. Keep a seizure diary noting the date, time, length, and type of each seizure, along with any possible triggers or side effects. Blood tests are a normal part of epilepsy management and help ensure that your dog’s organs are coping well with the medication. Discuss any concerns with your vet before making changes, even small adjustments can make a big difference. When to call your vet Contact your vet if you notice any of the following: Persistent vomiting, diarrhoea, or loss of appetite Severe or ongoing drowsiness that doesn’t improve Yellowing of the gums or eyes (possible liver issue) Sudden worsening of seizures or change in seizure pattern Signs of allergic reaction such as facial swelling, rash, or breathing changes Your vet may recommend adjusting the dose, changing the medication, or adding another drug for better control. The bigger picture: Side Effects of Anti-Epileptic Drugs in Dogs Epilepsy can feel overwhelming, but these medicines save and transform lives. The science behind them is strong, and decades of veterinary experience show that most dogs live long, active, and happy lives once their treatment plan is stabilised. Side effects of Anti-Epileptic Drugs in dogs often settle as your dog adapts, and your vet will help manage any that persist. Remember that seizure control is a process, it can take time to find what works best for your individual dog. With regular monitoring, good communication, and a calm approach, anti-epileptic drugs can give dogs with epilepsy the stability and quality of life they deserve. References Bhatti S. F. M., De Risio L., Muñana K., et al. (2015). International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force consensus proposal: Medical treatment of canine epilepsy in Europe.  BMC Veterinary Research. De Risio L., Bhatti S. F. M., Muñana K. R., et al. (2015). International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force consensus proposal: Diagnostic approach to epilepsy in dogs.  BMC Veterinary Research. Berendt M., Farquhar R. G., Mandigers P. J. J., et al. (2015). International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force consensus report on epilepsy definition, classification and terminology in companion animals.  BMC Veterinary Research. Moore S. A., et al. (2010). Levetiracetam pharmacokinetics in healthy dogs following oral administration.  American Journal of Veterinary Research. Saito M., et al. (2024). Clinical efficacy and tolerability of zonisamide monotherapy in dogs with newly diagnosed idiopathic epilepsy.  Frontiers in Veterinary Science. Rundfeldt C., Löscher W. (2014). The pharmacology of imepitoin.  CNS Drugs. Ruszkiewicz J., & Pinkas A. (2017). Neurotoxic effects of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides: A review.  Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. FIDOQUEL-CA1 (Phenobarbital Tablets) Prescribing Information. U.S. FDA. Note: The information provided in this article is for informational purposes only and should not replace veterinary advice. Always consult with your veterinarian regarding the specific needs and treatment options for your dog with epilepsy.

Canine epilepsy is a neurological disorder that can affect dogs of all ages, including older dogs. As our beloved companion's age, it's important to understand the unique challenges and considerations that come with managing epilepsy in senior dogs. In this article, we will explore causes, symptoms, and management strategies. By understanding this condition comprehensively, we can provide the best care for our senior dogs, ensuring their health and well-being. Causes of Canine Epilepsy in Older Dogs Age-related changes in the brain: Brain Structure: Aging can lead to structural changes in the brain, including shrinkage and alterations in the connectivity of neural networks. These changes may disrupt the normal electrical activity and increase the likelihood of seizures. Cellular Function: With age, there can be a decline in the function of cells responsible for regulating neuronal activity, such as ion channels and receptors. This imbalance in cellular activity can lead to abnormal electrical discharges and seizures. Blood Supply: Reduced blood flow to the brain in older dogs can impact oxygen and nutrient delivery, potentially affecting neuronal health and triggering seizures Underlying health conditions: Kidney or Liver Disease: Impaired kidney or liver function can result in the accumulation of toxins in the body, affecting brain function and potentially leading to seizures. Brain Tumors: Older dogs may develop brain tumours, which can disrupt normal brain activity and trigger seizures. Metabolic Imbalances: Imbalances in electrolytes, glucose levels, or thyroid hormones can contribute to the development of seizures in ageing canines. Symptoms of Canine Epilepsy in Older Dogs Generalized seizures: These involve the entire body and may manifest as involuntary muscle contractions, loss of consciousness, and uncontrolled movements. Focal seizures: These seizures affect specific areas of the body, such as a limb, and may cause twitching, shaking, or repetitive movements. Learn how to Recognise a Focal Seizure. Altered behaviour or confusion: Older dogs with epilepsy may exhibit changes in behaviour, disorientation, confusion, or prolonged periods of restlessness. Management of Canine Epilepsy in Older Dogs Veterinary evaluation: If your older dog experiences seizures, it is crucial to seek veterinary attention promptly. Your veterinarian will conduct a thorough examination, including blood work and imaging tests, to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan. Medication: Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) may be prescribed to control seizures in older dogs. It is important to follow your veterinarian's instructions regarding medication administration and dosage adjustments. Regular monitoring: Regular check-ups and blood tests are necessary to monitor the effectiveness of the medication and assess your dog's overall health. Environmental modifications: Creating a safe environment for your older dog is essential to minimize the risk of injuries during seizures. Remove sharp objects or hazards, and provide a comfortable and stress-free living space. Supportive care: Senior dogs with epilepsy may benefit from a well-balanced diet, regular exercise, and maintaining a consistent daily routine to promote overall health and reduce stress. Read our post on The Best Diet for Dog's with Epilepsy. Read our post on How to Support Liver Function in Dogs with Epilepsy. Conclusion: Canine Epilepsy in Older Dogs Canine epilepsy can affect older dogs, presenting unique challenges in their management and care. By understanding the causes, symptoms, and appropriate management strategies, we can provide the best possible support for our senior dogs with epilepsy. Regular veterinary care, appropriate medication, and creating a safe and comfortable environment are key to promoting their health and well-being. Remember, if your older dog experiences seizures, consult your veterinarian for an accurate diagnosis and tailored treatment plan.